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Singapore - Catching Every Drop of Rain
https://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/singapore-catching-every-drop-of-rain
2012-12-29T03:51:23.000Z
2012-12-29T03:51:23.000Z
Robert Dickinson
https://swmm2000.com/members/doonePlace
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<div class="posterous_autopost"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Singapore -</span> <b style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Catching Every Drop of Rain</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The source of the map of the rivers of Singapore is the Singapore <a href="http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/LocalCatchment.aspx" target="_blank">PUB</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore needs to maximize whatever it can harvest.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals, rivers and stormwater collection ponds before it is channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage. This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the world to harvest urban stormwater on a large scale for its water supply.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">The newest reservoirs are Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs which are our 16th and 17th reservoirs. By 2011, the water catchment area has increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore’s land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon reservoirs.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">With all the major estuaries already dammed to create reservoirs, PUB aims to harness water from the remaining streams and rivulets near the shoreline using technology that can treat water of varying salinity. This will boost Singapore’s water catchment area to 90% by 2060,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">The goal is to capture every drop of rain (Figure 1)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"><img alt="Image004" height="334" src="http://getfile8.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/swmm5/grx8BAZQVKbdeQzcixBAU5VQgv8RaAkEkTXTA8D9D7blkhrncFpsPKCxBSPi/image004.jpg" width="632" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">Reservoirs</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pandan Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Kranji Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Jurong Lake Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">MacRitchie Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Upper Peirce Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Lower Peirce Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Bedok Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Upper Seletar Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Lower Seletar Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Poyan Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Murai Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Tengeh Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sarimbun Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pulau Tekong Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Marina Reservoir</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Serangoon Reservoir</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Punggol Reservoir</span></td>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">Rivers</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Singapore River</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Kallang</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Rochor River</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Whampoa</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Geylang River</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Bedok</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Ketapang</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Changi</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Selarang</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Loyang</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Tampines</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Api Api</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Blukar</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Serangoon</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Punggol</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Tongkang</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Pinang</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Seletar</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Khatib Bongsu</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Seletar Simpang Kiri</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Sembawang</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Mandai</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei China</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Mandai Kechil</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Peng Siang</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Tengah</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Kangkar</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Buloh Besar</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Jurong</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Lanchar</span></td>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" width="150"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Pandan</span></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sungei Ulu Pandan</span></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://getfile4.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/swmm5/s75GGMlANC8ZFxzigR9MK9wQbFxULkFY6vGzA6xEiVrOVGoqXSX4SJ0BkyTt/image003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Image003" height="461.97" src="http://getfile4.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/swmm5/s75GGMlANC8ZFxzigR9MK9wQbFxULkFY6vGzA6xEiVrOVGoqXSX4SJ0BkyTt/image003.jpg" width="696" /></a></td>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; text-align: left;">Figure 1. Overall Map of Singapore from </span><a href="http://caelanchewthegreat.blogspot.sg/2012/04/geography-aa-2012national-tap-1-water.html" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;" target="_blank">http://caelanchewthegreat.blogspot.sg/2012/04/geography-aa-2012national-tap-1-water.html</a></td>
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