Patterns and the Stock Market from Frontal Cortex

Posted by Robert Dickinson on November 15, 2008 at 7:30pm

Patterns and the Stock Market

Category: Brain & Behavior
Posted on: November 14, 2008 12:55 PM, by Jonah Lehrer

It's one of the more annoying side-effects of the financial collapse: instant updates of the Dow Jones Industrial Average are suddenly everywhere, popping up in the corner of cable news shows, in between weather reports on the radio, highlighted on websites, etc. It's a bizarre form of financial melodrama, as the moods of the market seem to lurch and pivot for no good reason. Yesterday afternoon, on the same day a terrible unemployment report came out, the Dow swung upwards and closed 500 points higher. This morning, it's down 350 points, although nobody seems to know why. This chart captures the recent flux:

While it's certainly entertaining to spin post-hoc explanations of market activity, it's also utterly futile. The market, after all, is a classic example of a "random walk," since the past movement of any particular stock cannot be used to predict its future movement. This inherent randomness was first proposed by the economist Eugene Fama, in the early 1960's. Fama looked at decades of stock market data in order to prove that no amount of rational analysis or knowledge (unless it was illicit insider information) could help you figure out what would happen next. All of the esoteric tools and elaborate theories used by investors to make sense of the market were pure nonsense. Wall Street was like a slot machine.

Alas, the human mind can't resist the allure of explanations, even if they make no sense. We're so eager to find correlations and causation that, when confronted with an inherently stochastic process - like the DJIA, or a slot machine - we invent factors to fixate on. The end result is a blinkered sort of overconfidence, in which we're convinced we've solved a system that has no solution.

Look, for example, at this elegant little experiment. A rat was put in a T-shaped maze with a few morsels of food placed on either the far right or left side of the enclosure. The placement of the food is randomly determined, but the dice is rigged: over the long run, the food was placed on the left side sixty per cent of the time. How did the rat respond? It quickly realized that the left side was more rewarding. As a result, it always went to the left, which resulted in a sixty percent success rate. The rat didn't strive for perfection. It didn't search for a Unified Theory of the T-shaped maze, or try to decipher the disorder. Instead, it accepted the inherent uncertainty of the reward and learned to settle for the best possible alternative.

The experiment was then repeated with Yale undergraduates. Unlike the rat, their swollen brains stubbornly searched for the elusive pattern that determined the placement of the reward. They made predictions and then tried to learn from their prediction errors. The problem was that there was nothing to predict: the randomness was real. Because the students refused to settle for a 60 percent success rate, they ended up with a 52 percent success rate. Although most of the students were convinced they were making progress towards identifying the underlying algorithm, they were actually being outsmarted by a rat.

So don't listen to those talking heads telling you why the market rose or fell. They're just like those Yalies, convinced they've found a pattern where none exists.

Lets Face It, Man Is Not Made To Communicate Electronically

Posted by Robert Dickinson on October 11, 2008 at 9:44am

Lets Face It, Man Is Not Made To Communicate Electronically ScienceDaily (July 30, 2001) — Cell phones and e-mail may have become common forms of communication in the 21st century, but centuries of evolution have made face-to-face communication man’s preferred method, says Dr. Ned Kock, director of the E-Collaboration Research Center in Temple University’s Fox School of Business and Management. "There is a principle from evolution theory called the ‘repeated use principle,’ which argues that we have to repeatedly use a medium of communication, an organ, or a task so that our biological apparatus becomes optimized to use that tool or perform that task," says Kock. "Since we have communicated during most of the past three to five million years by using face-to-face interaction, you have to conclude that we have optimized our biological apparatus for that type of communication. Kock argues that a lot of today’s electronic communications takes us too far away from face-to-face communication, and requires increased cognitive effort on our part. "For example, a telephone allows us to use tone of voice," says Kock. "It’s synchronous, so we have immediate feedback on what we say." But, Kock points out, since the telephone doesn’t allow one person to see the other, a bit more cognitive effort is required when communicating over the telephone, as opposed to face-to-face. "Now, if we go to e-mail, there’s considerably more cognitive effort required than over the telephone," he says. Kock did a study in which he compared twenty groups performing complex tasks--ten groups interacting by face-to-face, and the other ten via e-mail. The study indicates that the amount of time cognitive effort (measured as "time") required to convey a certain number of ideas via email is between 5 and 15 times than required to convey the same ideas in a face-to-face conversation. "In a typical conversation, we exchange hundreds, maybe thousands, of words. If you measure the time it takes for that conversation to take place, and then try to have the same conversation over e-mail and measure the time that takes, you would get a time that is considerably higher than the face-to-face conversation," he says. Kock contends that it is our innate schemas that make us view it as more difficult to communicate through any medium other than face-to-face. "We have optimized our biological communication apparatus for face-to-face communications," he continues. "As we move away from it, the more cognitive effort is needed." Man’s ability to learn, which is the highest in the animal kingdom, may eventually serve as a counterbalance to our predisposition to use face-to-face communications. "In other words, if we use e-mail for very complex communications for many, many years, and we avoid face-to-face communications, obviously, we’re going to become good at using e-mail for that type of communications," says Kock. "But our predisposition toward face-to-face communications won’t go entirely away." Where is this leading us? Kock believes to the point that we are trying to make electronic communications as close to face-to-face as we can. He points out that some successful online companies like LivePerson.com are developing technologies that give a company’s online customers the impression that they’re dealing with a live person over the Web. "What is the reason for that?" questions Kock. "The reason is because we tend to spend less cognitive effort in communications activities when we have face-to-face like interactions. Even if those face-to-face-like interactions are virtual." Adapted from materials provided by Temple University. Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats: APA MLA Temple University (2001, July 30). Lets Face It, Man Is Not Made To Communicate Electronically. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 11, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/07/010730081336.htm

SCS Rainfall Distributions and Design Storms

Posted by Robert Dickinson on September 20, 2008 at 10:48am

SSCS Rainfall Distributions for H20MAP and InfoSWMM

The base file has a 24 hyetograph for SCS Type 1A and SCS Type 2 distrubutions. The total of the rainfall is 1 inch and to make a 25 year or 50 year storm you follow these steps:

1. Clone the rainfall time series and

2. Use the Field Calculator in DB Edit to change the total rainfall by using the operand in the Field Calculator dialog. For example, the picture shown below will make a 10 inch 24 hour rainfall in the new time series.

You will end up with two series: (1) the base 1 inch hyetograph and (2) the new design storm of 10 inches.

InfoSWMM Sediment Modeling

Posted by Robert Dickinson on September 20, 2008 at 9:00am

H2OMAP SWMM and InfoSWMM Sediment Transport Modeling

Sanitary and combined sewer systems can carry substantial loads of suspended solids (waste solids) which can accumulate and cause blockages thereby impairing the hydraulic capacity of the sewer pipes (by restricting their flow area and increasing the bed friction resistance). H2OMAP SWMM and InfoSWMM can simulate the transport and gravitational settling of (total suspended solids including grit) over time throughout the sewer collection system under varying hydraulic conditions. As long as flow velocity exceeds the critical/terminal velocity, H2OMAP SWMM and InfoSWMM assumes that the sewage flow has the capacity to transport all incoming . Deposited particles are also assumed to be scoured and transported downstream when velocity of the sewage flow exceeds the terminal velocity. Settling starts when flow velocity falls below the critical velocity. In the model, transport of thet particles is governed by advection implying that the particles are transported at local flow velocity.

The sediment transport modeling using H2OMAP SWMM and InfoSWMM requires only few inputs, namely limiting flow velocity, particle settling velocity, and source node(s) and initial concentrations (in mg/l) at the source nodes.

In order to specify the first two inputs (i.e., limiting flow velocity and particle settling velocity), the user should first select from the quality tab which in turn activates the editing tabs for particle settling velocity and limiting flow velocity. Specification of source node(s) and its/their initial concentration is similar to the method described above in relation to pollutant transport. The default values used by the model for limiting flow velocity and particle settling velocity are 2 ft/s and 0.1 ft/s, respectively. User specified values over rid these default figures .

H2OMAP SWMM and InfoSWMM deposition (in kg) in pipes and concentration (in mg/l) at manholes, wet wells, and outlets are the outputs reported following successful simulation of transport for a collection system.

Deterministic modeling of urban runoff quality, NATO ASI Series

Posted by Robert Dickinson on September 13, 2008 at 10:00am

Wayne Huber has an excellent 90+ page explanation of the history of urban runoff water quality modeling in SWMM including the theoretical background of the buildup-washoff and rating curve equations in SWMM: Huber W.C. (1986), Deterministic modeling of urban runoff quality, NATO ASI Series,Vol. G10, Urban Runoff Pollution, Edited by Torno H.C. Marsalek J., DesbordesM., Springler-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

I have a paper copy but some say (from a previous posting on the SWMM List Server) that the book is out of print. If you cannot find the Nato book then look for The SWMM 4 manual (which you can download in PDF from many locations on the web). [SWMM 4 manual from Mitch Heineman's web site http://www.dynsystem.com/netstorm/cdmuswmm.htm]. It has detailed informaton on buildup washoff in the Runoff Chapter and a few of the Appendices. The references in the SWMM 4 manual will lead you to to published thesis by Doug Ammon among others in which the derivation of the buildup and washoff functions are described.

DNA Testing with Boonsri Dickinson

Posted by Robert Dickinson on August 20, 2008 at 5:30pm

how-much-can-you-learn-from-a-home-dna-test The-history-of-humans-written-in-one-persons-dna See the links if you want more information. Sphere: Related Content

Climate Change: When It Rains It Really Pours

Posted by Robert Dickinson on August 10, 2008 at 12:30am

Image via Wikipedia

Climate Change: When It Rains It Really Pours ScienceDaily (Aug. 8, 2008) — Climate models have long predicted that global warming will increase the intensity of extreme precipitation events. A new study conducted at the University of Miami and the University of Reading (U.K.) provides the first observational evidence to confirm the link between a warmer climate and more powerful rainstorms. One of the most serious challenges humanity will face in response to global warming is adapting to changes in extreme weather events. Of utmost concern is that heavy rainstorms will become more common and more intense in a warmer climate due to the increased moisture available for condensation. More intense rain events increase the risk of flooding and can have substantial societal and economic impacts. To understand how precipitation responds to a warmer climate, researchers in this study used naturally-driven changes associated with El Niño as a laboratory for testing their hypotheses. Based on 20 years of satellite observations, they found a distinct link between tropical rainfall extremes and temperature, with heavy rain events increasing during warm periods and decreasing during cold periods. "A warmer atmosphere contains larger amounts of moisture which boosts the intensity of heavy downpours," said Dr. Brian J. Soden, associate professor at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science. The report, "Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes," previewed in Science Express this Thursday, August 7, and published in an upcoming issue of Science, found that both observations and models indicated an increase in heavy rainstorms in response to a warmer climate. However, the observed amplification of rainfall extremes was found to be substantially larger in the observations than what is predicted by current models. "Comparing observations with results from computer models improves understanding of how rainfall responds to a warming world" said Dr. Richard P. Allan, NERC advance fellow at the University of Reading's Environmental Systems Science Centre. "Differences can relate to deficiencies in the measurements, or the models used to predict future climatic change" Adapted from materials provided by University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats: APA MLA University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science (2008, August 8). Climate Change: When It Rains It Really Pours. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/08/080807144240.htm

10 Skills You Need to Succeed at Almost Anything

Posted by Robert Dickinson on August 3, 2008 at 11:00pm

July 30th, 2008 in Featured, Lifestyle

10 Skills You Need to Succeed at Almost Anything

10 SKills You Need to Succeed at Almost Anything

What does it take to succeed? A positive attitude? Well, sure, but that’s hardly enough. The Law of Attraction? The Secret? These ideas might act as spurs to action, but without the action itself, they don’t do much.

Success, however it’s defined, takes action, and taking good and appropriate action takes skills. Some of these skills (not enough, though) are taught in school (not well enough, either), others are taught on the job, and still others we learn from general life experience.

Below is a list of general skills that will help anyone get ahead in practically any field, from running a company to running a gardening club. Of course, there are skills specific to each field as well – but my concern here is with the skills that translate across disciplines, the ones that can be learned by anyone in any position.

1. Public Speaking

The ability to speak clearly, persuasively, and forcefully in front of an audience – whether an audience of 1 or of thousands – is one of the most important skills anyone can develop. People who are effective speakers come across as more comfortable with themselves, more confident, and more attractive to be around. Being able to speak effectively means you can sell anything – products, of course, but also ideas, ideologies, worldviews. And yourself – which means more opportunities for career advancement, bigger clients, or business funding.

2. Writing

Writing well offers many of the same advantages that speaking well offers: good writers are better at selling products, ideas, and themselves than poor writers. Learning to write well involves not just mastery of grammar but the development of the ability to organize one’s thoughts into a coherent form and target it to an audience in the most effective way possible. Given the huge amount of text generated by almost every transaction – from court briefs and legislation running into the thousands of pages to those foot-long receipts you get when you buy gum these days – a person who is a master of the written word can expect doors to open in just about every field.

3. Self-Management

If success depends of effective action, effective action depends on the ability to focus your attention where it is needed most, when it is needed most. Strong organizational skills, effective productivity habits, and a strong sense of discipline are needed to keep yourself on track.

4. Networking

Networking is not only for finding jobs or clients. In an economy dominated by ideas and innovation, networking creates the channel through which ideas flow and in which new ideas are created. A large network, carefully cultivated, ties one into not just a body of people but a body of relationships, and those relationships are more than just the sum of their parts. The interactions those relationships make possible give rise to innovation and creativity – and provide the support to nurture new ideas until they can be realized.

5. Critical Thinking

We are exposed to hundreds, if not thousands, of times more information on a daily basis than our great-grandparents were. Being able to evaluate that information, sort the potentially valuable from the trivial, analyze its relevance and meaning, and relate it to other information is crucial – and woefully under-taught. Good critical thinking skills immediately distinguish you from the mass of people these days.

6. Decision-Making

The bridge that leads from analysis to action is effective decision-making – knowing what to do based on the information available. While not being critical can be dangerous, so too can over-analyzing, or waiting for more information before making a decision. Being able to take in the scene and respond quickly and effectively is what separates the doers from the wannabes.

7. Math

You don’t have to be able to integrate polynomials to be successful. However, the ability to quickly work with figures in your head, to make rough but fairly accurate estimates, and to understand things like compound interest and basic statistics gives you a big lead on most people. All of these skills will help you to analyze data more effectively – and more quickly – and to make better decisions based on it.

8. Research

Nobody can be expected to know everything, or even a tiny fraction of everything. Even within your field, chances are there’s far more that you don’t know than you do know. You don’t have to know everything – but you should be able to quickly and painlessly find out what you need to know. That means learning to use the Internet effectively, learning to use a library, learning to read productively, and learning how to leverage your network of contacts – and what kinds of research are going to work best in any given situation.

9. Relaxation

Stress will not only kill you, it leads to poor decision-making, poor thinking, and poor socialization. So be failing to relax, you knock out at least three of the skills in this list – and really more. Plus, working yourself to death in order to keep up, and not having any time to enjoy the fruits of your work, isn’t really “success”. It’s obsession. Being able to face even the most pressing crises with your wits about you and in the most productive way is possibly the most important thing on this list.

10. Basic Accounting

It is a simple fact in our society that money is necessary. Even the simple pleasures in life, like hugging your child, ultimately need money – or you’re not going to survive to hug for very long. Knowing how to track and record your expenses and income is important just to survive, let alone to thrive. But more than that, the principles of accounting apply more widely to things like tracking the time you spend on a project or determining whether the value of an action outweighs the costs in money, time, and effort. It’s a shame that basic accounting isn’t a required part of the core K-12 curriculum.

What Else?

Surely there are more important skills I’m not thinking of (which is probably why I’m not telling Bill Gates what to do!) – what are they? What have I missed? What lessons have you learned that were key to your successes – and what have you ignored to your peril?

http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/10-skills-you-need-to-succeed-at-almost-anything.html

The importance of stupidity in scientific research

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 26, 2008 at 4:00pm

The importance of stupidity in scientific research

Category: Academia • Science Education
Posted on: July 25, 2008 3:31 PM, by Coturnix

Now this is a title of a paper in a scientific journal that will make one's eyebrows go up: The importance of stupidity in scientific research (by Schwartz J Cell Sci.2008; 121: 1771) :

I recently saw an old friend for the first time in many years. We had been Ph.D. students at the same time, both studying science, although in different areas. She later dropped out of graduate school, went to Harvard Law School and is now a senior lawyer for a major environmental organization. At some point, the conversation turned to why she had left graduate school. To my utter astonishment, she said it was because it made her feel stupid. After a couple of years of feeling stupid every day, she was ready to do something else. I had thought of her as one of the brightest people I knew and her subsequent career supports that view. What she said bothered me. I kept thinking about it; sometime the next day, it hit me. Science makes me feel stupid too. It's just that I've gotten used to it. So used to it, in fact, that I actively seek out new opportunities to feel stupid. I wouldn't know what to do without that feeling. I even think it's supposed to be this way. Let me explain.

I am not sure what he wrote is really what she meant, but anyway, this was a nice way for him to start the article. What he is talking about is not really stupidity. I'd call it ignorance. And grad school teaches you to cherish and relish in your ignorance, as that is the main motivator in working every day to diminish it a little bit at a time by discovering something new, a little bit of information about the way the world works that in some reduces your own and everyone else's ignorance. If you are successful in acquiring this mindset - enjoying the ambiguity of science, having ease with saying "I don't know....and, by the way, nobody does" - you feel good. If you are a different kind of person, you may as well feel stupid:

Productive stupidity means being ignorant by choice. Focusing on important questions puts us in the awkward position of being ignorant. One of the beautiful things about science is that it allows us to bumble along, getting it wrong time after time, and feel perfectly fine as long as we learn something each time. No doubt, this can be difficult for students who are accustomed to getting the answers right. No doubt, reasonable levels of confidence and emotional resilience help, but I think scientific education might do more to ease what is a very big transition: from learning what other people once discovered to making your own discoveries. The more comfortable we become with being stupid, the deeper we will wade into the unknown and the more likely we are to make big discoveries.

http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2008/07/the_importance_of_stupidity_in.php?utm_source=readerspicks&utm_medium=link

"Thank you" in over 465 languages

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 25, 2008 at 10:00pm

Link http://www.elite.net/~runner/jennifers/thankyou.htm Abenaki (Maine USA, Montreal Canada) Wliwni ni Abenaki (Maine USA, Montreal Canada) Wliwni Abenaki (Maine USA, Montreal Canada) Oliwni Achí (Baja Verapaz Guatemala) Mantiox chawe Achuar (Ecuador, Peru) Maketai Achuar (Ecuador, Peru) Yuuminsame [Adare, see Harari] Adyghe (Middle East) Wapsaw Adyghe (Middle East) Thawerapsaw Afar (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti) Gadda ge Afrikaans (Southern Africa) Dankie Afrikaans (Southern Africa) [very much] Baie dankie Aguacateco (Huehuetenango Guatemala) Ntyox teru' Aguaruna (Peru) Seé Ahtna (Alaska) Tsin'aen Ainu [Saru dialect] (Japan) [formal] Iyayraykere Ainu [Saru dialect] (Japan) [informal] Hioy'oy [Akan, see Asante and Fante] Akha (China, Southeast Asia) Gui lah hui te ha Akha (China, Southeast Asia) Gui lah hui mi a de Akha (China, Southeast Asia) Gui lah hui dui dui ma Akha (Thailand) Ghu long khu me-ah Akha (Chiang Rai Northern Thailand) Gu lah hu ma de Aklanon (Philippines) Saeamat kimo Alabamu (Texas USA) Alíila Alabamu (Texas USA) Kano Alabamu (Texas USA) Kanobi Alabamu (Texas USA) [informal] Tá Alabamu (Texas USA) [very much] Alíilamoolo Alabamu (Texas USA) [very much] Kanoomoolo Alabamu (Texas USA) [very much] Kanopalammoolo Albanian (Albania, Yugoslavia) Ju falem nderit Albanian (Albania, Yugoslavia) Faleminderit Albanian (Albania, Yugoslavia) [very much] Faleminderit shumë [Aleut, see Unagan] Altai (Russia) Bïyan bolzïn [Alutiiq, see Suqpiaq] Ambo (Angola, Namibia) Ondapandula unene Amharic (Ethiopia, Israel, Egypt) Amesegënallô Amharic (Ethiopia, Israel, Egypt) Amesegunalhun Amharic (Ethiopia, Israel, Egypt) [very] Betam amesegënallô Amuzgo (Mexico) Quialva' [Anishinaabe, see Ojibwe] Apache (Arizona USA) Ashoge Apache (Arizona USA) [formal] Áshood Apache [Jicarilla] (Arizona USA) Ihe edn Apache (Arizona USA) [informal] Ahíyi'ee Apalachicola (Florida USA) Mvto Apsaaloke (United States) Ahoo Apsaaloke (United States) Ahó Apsaaloke (United States) [very much] Ahókacira Arabic (Middle East, North Africa) Shukran Arabic (Middle East, North Africa) [very] Shukran gazilan Arabic (Syria) Mamnuun Arabic (North Africa) SaHHa Arabic (Morocco) [lit. Praise to Allah] El-hamdullah Arabic (Morocco) Barak llahu fik Aragonese (Aragon Spain) Grazias [Araucano, see Mapuche] [Arawak, see Taino] Armenian (Armenia, Russia, Middle East) Shnorhagallem Armenian (Armenia, Russia, Middle East) Shterakravetsun Armenian [Western] (Armenia) Shenorhagal em Armenian [Western] (Armenia) [very much] Shad shenorhagal em Armenian [Eastern] (Armenia) Sh'norhakal em Armenian [Eastern] (Armenia) Shnorhakalutjun Armenian (Armenia) [colloquial] Merci Aromunian (Greece, Balkans) Multsãnjescu Asante (Ghana) Meda w'asé Asante (Ghana) Meda wo ase Asante (Ghana) [very much] Meda wo ase paa paa paa Assyrian [Eastern Assyrian] [by man] Basima Assyrian [Eastern Assyrian] [by woman] Basimta Assyrian [Eastern Assyrian] [by plural] Basimeh Assyrian [Eastern Assyrian] Mesi Assyrian [Eastern Assyrian] [very much] Hawit basima chim raba Assyrian [Western Assyrian] (Assyria) Taudi Asturian (Spain) Gracies Atayal (Taiwan) Muhuway su Atayal (Taiwan) Mhuway su' Atayal (Taiwan) Mhuway su' balay Atayal (Taiwan) [informal] Hway Ateso (Uganda) Eyalama [Aukan, see Ndjuka] Aymará (Bolivia, Peru, Chile) Juspajaraña Aymará (Bolivia, Peru, Chile) Juspajarkätam Aymará (Bolivia, Peru, Chile) Juspaxar Aymará (Bolivia, Peru, Chile) Yuspagara Aymará (Bolivia, Peru, Chile) Dios pagarakátam Aymará (Tihuanacu Bolivia) Yusulupay Aymará (Lake Titicaca Bolivia) [rare] Yuspagarkàtam Aymará (Lake Titicaca Bolivia) [rare] Yuspagaràtam Azerbaijani [Azeri] (Azerbaijan, Iran) Sayol Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan, Iran) Sag olun Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan, Iran) Tæshækkür elæyiræm Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan, Iran) [very much] Chokh sag olun [Azeri, see Azerbaijani] [Aztec, see Náhuatl] Bakweri (Cameroon) Masuma Bakweri (Cameroon) Na somi saisai Balinese (Bali) [Halus speech] Tiang matur suksama Balinese (Bali) Matu suksama Balinese (Bali) Matur suksme Balochi (Pakistan) Tai merbani Bambara (Mali) [singular] I ni ce Bambara (Mali) [plural] Aw ni ce Bambara (Mali) [said by man] Nba Bambara (Mali) [said by woman] Nse [Bangla, see Bengali] [Basa Sunda, see Sundanese] Bashkir (Russia) Rekhmet Basque (Spain, France) Eskerrik asko Basque (Spain, France) Mila esker Basque [Navarrese] (Spain) Esker mila Basque [Navarrese] (Spain) Esker aunitz Basque [Roncalais] (Spain) Eskerrik anitx Batak (Indonesia, Sumatra, Philippines) Mauliate [Bavarian, see German (Bavaria)] Belorussian (Belarus) Dziakuju Belorussian (Belarus) Dziákuj Bemba (Zambia, Congo-Brazaville) Tsikomo Bemba (Zambia, Congo-Brazaville) Twa to te la Bengali (India, Bangladesh) Dhanyabad Bengali (India, Bangladesh) [very much] Ozasro dhanyabad [Bisayan, see Visayan] Bislama (Vanuatu) Tangkiu Bislama (Vanuatu) Tangkyu Bislama (Vanuatu) [very much] Tangkiu tumas Bislama (Vanuatu) [informal] Ta Bisu (Xhina, Thailand, Myanmar) Ang hmèn yá Blackfoot (Alberta Canada, Montana USA) Nitsíniiyi'taki Boboda (Burkina Faso, Mali) Baraka [Bobo Fing, see Boboda] Bosnian (Bosnia and Hercegovina) Hvala Bosnian (Bosnia and Hercegovina) [respect] Hvala vam Breton (Brittany France) Trugarez Breton (Brittany France) [formal] Trugarez deoc'h Breton (Brittany France) [informal] Trugarez dit Breton (Brittany France) [informal] Mersi dit Breton (Brittany France) Ho trugarekaat Brigidian (western Ireland) Boche' Bru (Vietnam) Sa-aun Bukusu (Mt. Elgon Kenya) Nasima Bukusu (Mt. Elgon Kenya) Orio muno Bukusu (Mt. Elgon Kenya) Webaale Bukusu (Mt. Elgon Kenya) Wanyala Bulgarian (Bulgaria) Blagodarya Bulgarian (Bulgaria) Mersi Bulgarian (Bulgaria) [thank you very much] Mnogo blagodarya Bulu (Cameroon) Akeva Bunun (Taiwan) Uninang Bura (Nigeria) Maraba Burmese (Myanmar) Chezu ba Burmese (Myanmar) Chezu tinbade Burmese (Myanmar) [thank you very much] Amyaji chezu tinbade Burushashki (Northern Pakistan) Juu na Burushashki (Northern Pakistan) Juu goor maniSh Burushashki (Northern Pakistan) Shukria Burushashki (Northern Pakistan) Bakhshish [Byelorussian, see Belorussian] Cahuila (United States) 'Ácha-ma Cakchikel (Mexico) Matiosh chawe [Cambodian, see Khmer] Camuno (Italy) Gràsce Cantonese [Chinese] (China) [for gift] Doh je Cantonese [Chinese] (China) [for service] M goi Cantonese [Chinese] [in advance- for gift] Doh je sin Cantonese [Chinese] [in advance- service] M goi nei sin Cassubian (Northweast Poland) Dzãkujã Cassubian (Northweast Poland) [informal] Dzãczi Cassubian (Northweast Poland) [old] Bóg zaplac Catalan (Andorra, Spain, France) Gràcies Catalan (Andorra, Spain, France) [very] Moltes gràcies Catalan (Andorra, Spain, France) Mercès [Cebuano, see Visayan] Cham (Southeast Asia) Uan tabuan Chamorro (Guam) Si yuus maasi Chamorro (Guam) Si yu'os ma'ase' Chatino (Tataltepec Mexico) Ngua tsaa xlay'be hii Chechen (North Caucasus) Barkal Chechen (North Caucasus) Barkalla Cherokee (United States) Wa'-do Cheyenne (United States) Néá'eshe Cheyenne (United States) [plural] Néá'êshemeno Cheyenne (United States) [intertribal] Hahóo Chichewa (South Africa, Malawi) Zikomo Chichewa (South Africa, Malawi)[very much] Zikomo kwambiri Chichewa (South Africa, Malawi)[very much] Zikomo kwambili Chilomwe (Malawi) Zikomo Chilomwe (Malawi) [thank you very much] Zikomo kwambili [Chinese, see dialects: Cantonese, Hoi San, Hokkien and Mandarin] Chingoni (Malawi) Zikomo Chinook Jargon (North America) Masiem Chinook Jargon (North America) Mahsie Chinyanja (Zambia, Mozambique) Zikomo Chinyanja (Zambia, Mozambique) [very much] Zikomo kwambiri [Chippewa, see Ojibwe] Chishona (Zimbabwe) [to one person] Ndatenda Chishona (Zimbabwe) [to one person] Ndinotenda Chishona (Zimbabwe) [to a group] Tatenda Chishona (Zimbabwe) [to a group] Tinotenda Chishona (Zimbabwe) [for doing a task] Mazviita Chishona (Zimbabwe) [for doing a task] Maita basa Chishona (Zimbabwe) [for doing a task] Maita zvenyu Chitonga (Malawi) Yewo Chitonga (Malawi) [very much] Yewo chemene Chitonga (Zambia) Twalumba Chitumbuka (North Malawi) Yewo Chitumbuka (North Malawi) [very much] Yewo chemene Chitumbuka (North Malawi) [very much] Yewo chomene Chiyao (South Malawi) Sikomo Chiyao (South Malawi) Asante Chiyao (South Malawi)[thank you very much] Sikomo kwejinji Chiyao (South Malawi)[thank you very much] Asante sana Choctaw (Oklahoma United States) Yokoke Choctaw (Oklahoma United States) Yakoke Chol (Mexico) Wokolix awölö Chol (Mexico) Wokol a wala Chortí (Guatemala) Ch'ahp'ei'x ta'p'a Chuj (Guatemala) Yuj wal dios Chuukese (Micronesia) Kili so Chuukese (Micronesia) [very much] Kili so chapur Chuukese (Chuuk Lagoon Micronesia) Kini so Chuukese (Chuuk Lagoon Micronesia) [very] Kini so chapur Chuvash (Russia) Tavtapuch Chuvash (Russia) Tav Chuvash (Russia) Tavssi [Circassian, see Adyghe] Coeur d'Alene (Idaho United States) Limlemtsch Comanche (North America) Ura Comanche (North America) Urako Comori (Comoros) Marahaba Comori (Comoros) Marahabha [Conibo, see Shipibo] Cornish [middle/unified] (Great Britain) Dew re-dallo dheugh-why Cornish [middle/unified] (Great Britain) Durdala dywy Cornish [modern] (Great Britain) Durdaladawhy Cornish [modern] (Great Britain) Gwra'massi Cornish [modern] (Great Brit.) [very much] Merastawhy Cornish [Kemmyn] (Great Britain) Meur ras Cornish (Great Britain) Meur ras dhis Corsican (France) Grazia Corsican (France) À ringraziè vi Corsican (France) À ringraziavvi Cree (Canada) (to one person) Kinanâskomitin Cree (Canada) (to more than one person) Kinanâskomitinawaw Cree (Canada) E'kosi Cree (Canada) Têniki Cree (Canada) Mikwec Cree (Canada) Nunasko'mowin keya Cree [Ouje Bougoumou] (James Bay Canada) Mîkwêc Cree [Plains Cree] (Canada) Kitatamihin [Creek, see Muskogee] Creole (West Indies) Mese [Créole (Seychelles), see Seselwa] Crioulo (Guinea-Bissau) Obrigado Croatian (Bosnia, Yugoslavia) Hvala Croatian (Bosnia, Yugoslavia) [very much] Puno hvala Croatian (Bosnia, Yugoslavia) [very much] Hvala lijepa [Crow, see Apsaaloke] Czech (Czech Republic) Dêkuji Czech (Czech Republic) [informal] Dik' Dagaare (Burkina Faso, Ghana) Barka Dagaare (Burkina Faso, Ghana) Puorra bebe la Dakota (North America) Pidamayado Dakota (North America) [by male] Pidamaya yedo Dakota (North America) [by female] Pidamaya ye Danish (Denmark, Greenland) Tak Danish (Denmark, Greenland) [very much] Mange tak Dega (Vietnam) Lac jak Dega (Vietnam) [very much] Lac jak ko ih lu Deg Xinag (Alaska) Dogedinh Deg Xinag (Alaska) Xisrigidisddhinh Dekelh [Carrier] (Canada) Musi Dekelh [Carrier] (Canada) [very much] Musicho Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by one to one] Snachailya Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by one to 2+] Snachalhuya Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by 2 to 1] Nahnachailya Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by 2 to 2+] Nahnachalhuya Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by 3+ to 1] Nenachailya Dekelh [Lheidli] (Canada) [by 3+ to 2+] Nenachalhuya Dekelh [Nak'albun] (Canada) [by 1 to 1] Snachailya Dekelh [Nak'albun] (Canada) [by 1 to 2+] Snachalhya Dekelh [Nak'albun] (Canada) [by 2+ to 1] Nenachailya Dekelh [Nak'albun] (Canada) [by 2+ to 2+] Nenachalhya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by one to one] Snachailya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by one to 2+] Snachalhuya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by 2 to 1] Nahnachailya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by 2 to 2+] Nahnachalhuya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by 3+ to 1] Nenachailya Dekelh [Saik'uz] (Canada) [by 3+ to 2+] Nenachalhuya [Delaware, see Lenape] Dhivehi (Maldives) Shukuriyyaa Dhivehi (Maldives) [very much] Varah bodah shukriyyaa Dinka (Sudan) Yin acaa muoc Diola (Senegal) Mersi Diola (Senegal) Emitekati Domari (Egypt) Daarim Dusun (Sabah Malaysia) Pounsikou Dutch (Netherlands, Belgium) [polite] Dank u Dutch (Netherlands, Belgium) [informal] Dank je Dutch (Netherlands, Belgium) [polite] Dank u wel Dutch (Netherlands, Belgium) [informal] Dank je wel Dutch (Netherlands) Bedankt [Dyerma, see Zarma] Dyula [Jula] (Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso) I ni che Dzongkha (Bhutan) Kadinche Dzongkha (Bhutan) Kadinche la Edo (Nigeria) Ù rú èsé Egyptian (ancient Egypt) [to a man] Dua Netjer en ek Egyptian (ancient Egypt) [to a woman] Dua Netjer en etj Ekegusii (Kenya) Imbuya mono Enga (Papua New Guinea) Tángeyoo English (America, Australia, UK, New Zea.) Thank you English (America) [informal] Thanks English (Australia) Ta English (New Zealand, Midland England) Cheers English [Strine dialect] (Australia) Thenks English [Strine dialect] (Australia) Enks English [old English] (old Britain)[sing.] Ic þancas do English [old English] (old Britain)[sing.] Ic þancie þe English [old English] (old Britain)[plur.] Ic sæcge eow þancas English [Texan] (Texas United States) Thank ya [Eskimo, see Inuktitut and Inuttut] Esperanto (international use) Dankon Esperanto (international use) Dankon al vi Estonian (Estonia) Tänan Estonian (Estonia) Aitäh Estonian (Estonia) [to a man] Ole meheks Estonian (Harjumaa Estonia) Aitih Estonian (Viru-Nigula Estonia) Aiteh Estonian (Vastseliina Estonia) Tehnän Eton (Cameroon) Abumgang Eton (Cameroon) Abuimgang Ewe (Ghana, Togo) Mudo Ewe (Ghana, Togo) Akpe Ewe (Ghana, Togo) Mudu, epenau Ewondo (Cameroon) Abui ngan Eyak (Alaska) 'Awa'ahdah Fang (Gabon) Abora Fante (Ghana, Burkina Faso) Medagse Fante (Ghana, Burkina Faso) Medawagse Faroese (Faroe Islands) Takk Faroese (Faroe Islands) Takk fyri Farsi [Persian] (Iran, Afghanistan) Merci Farsi (Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan) Tashakkur Farsi (Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan) Motehshakeram Farsi (Iran) Mamnoon [Filipino, see Tagalog and Visayan] Fijian (Fiji) Vinaka Fijian (Fiji) [very much] Vinaka vakalevu Fijian (Fiji) [very much] Vinaka sara vakalevu Finnish (Finland) Kiitos Finnish (Finland) Kiitoksia Finnish (Finland) [formal] Paljon kiitoksia Finnish (Finland) [informal] Kiitti [Flemish, see Dutch (Belgium)] Fon (Benin, Togo) Ablo Fon (Benin, Togo) A houanu Fon (Benin, Togo) [very much] A houanu ka ka Fon (Benin, Togo) [formal] E na ce nu we French (France, Belgium, Africa, Canada) Merci French (France, Belgium, Africa, Canada) Merci beaucoup Frisian [Westerlauwer] (Netherlands) Tanke Frisian [Westerlauwer] (Netherlands) Tanke wol Frisian [Westerlauwer] (Netherlands) Tankje Frisian [Westerlauwer] (Netherlands) Tankje wol Friulian (northern Italy) Graciis Fulani (West Africa) Jaaraama Fulani (West Africa) [to one person] A jaaraama Fulani (West Africa) [to several people] On jaaraama Futuna (Wallis and Futuna) Malo Futuna Aniwa (Vanuatu) Fafetai Futuna Aniwa (Vanuatu) Jinisa Ga (Ghana) Ogiwadong Gaam (Eastern Sudan) Áwdém áalò Gaam (Eastern Sudan) Àayyá Gagauz (Moldova) Saa olsun Galician (Spain) Gracias Gallo (France) Mèrczi Garifuna (Guatemala) Téngi nían bún Gascon (France) Merci Georgian [Kartuli] (Georgia/former USSR) Mahd-lob Georgian [Kartuli] (Georgia/former USSR) Gmadlob Georgian (Georgia) [to more than 1 person] Mahd-lobt Georgian (Georgia) [to more than 1 person] Gmadlobt German (Central Europe) Danke German (Central Europe) Danke schön German (Central Europe) Vielen Dank German (Central Europe) [informal] Dank dir German (Austria) [in spoken language] Dankschen German (Bavaria) [in spoken language] Danksche German (Switzerland) [in spoken language] Dank schön German (Zurich Switzerland) [spoken] Dankë German (Zurich Switzerland) [spoken] Dank schön German (Zurich Switzerland) Merci German (Zurich Switzerland) [very much] Merci villmahl Gong (Thailand) Ang kêun Greek [Hellenic] (Greece, Cyprus) Efcharisto Greek (Greece, Cyprus) Sas efharisto Greek (Greece, Cyprus) [very much] Efharisto poli Greek (Greece, Cyprus) [very much] Sas efharisto poli Griko (Salento Italy) Kali' sso'rta-ssu Guarani (Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia) Aguije Guarani (Paraguay) Aguyje Guarani [Mbyá] (Brazil) Ha'evete Gujarati (India, Bangladesh, S. Africa) Aabhar Gujarati (Gujerat State, India) Dhanyawaad Gumatj (Australia) Ga' Gurrangung (Australia) Yaddung jee Gurung (Nepal) [to a child] Syaabaas Gurung (Nepal) [to an equal or superior] Dxanyaa'baad Gwich'in (Alaska) Mahsi' Gwich'in (Alaska) Mahsi' choo [Gypsy, see Romani] G/wi [San] (Kalahari Africa) !kaen se !tau G//ana [San] (Kalahari Africa) Kaen se !tau Haida (Alaska) Háw'aa [Hal-Pulaar, see Fulani] Hän (Alaska) Mahsi' Harari [Adare] (Ethiopia) Gaza yagabzal yushen Harari [Adare] (Ethiopia) Alla magah Hassaniya (Mauratania) Shukram Hausa (West Africa) Na gode Hausa (West Africa) Yauwa Hawaiian (Hawaii) Mahalo Hawaiian (Hawaii) [very much] Mahalo nui loa Hebrew (Israel) Toda Hebrew (Israel) [very much] Toda raba [Hellenic, see Greek] Helong (Timor, Semau Island Indonesia) Nodan mamomamo Hindi (India, East Asia, Suriname) Shukriya Hindi (India, East Asia, Suriname) Danyavad Hindi (India, East Asia, Suriname) Dhanyawaad Hiri Motu (Papua New Guinea) Tanikiu Hmong Daw (Laos, Thailand) Ua tsaug Hmong Daw (Laos, Thailand) Ua koj tsaug Hmong Daw (Laos, Thailand) [very much] Ua tsaug ntau Hmong Daw (Laos, Thailand) [very much] Ua koj tsaug ntau Hmong Du (Vietnam) Ô chò Hmong Njua (Laos, Thailand) Ua tsaug Hmong Njua (Laos, Thailand) [very much] Ua tsaug ntau ntau Hmong Njua (Northern Thailand) Zoo sab muab Hñähñu (Mexico) Jamadi Hoi San (China) U de Hokkien [Chinese] (Singapore, Indonesia) Gum xia Hokkien [Chinese] (Taiwan) Kam sia Hopi (North America) [said by men] Kwakwhá Hopi (North America) [said by women] Askwali Hopi (North America) [said by women] Hevé Hopi (North America) [very much, by men] Is kwakwhá Hopi (North America) [very much, by women] Is askwali Houailou (New Caledonia) Ei Huambisa (Peru) See Huambisa (Peru) Maake Huaorani (Ecuador) Ewa ra Huastec (Mexico) Jalbinchi yaan Huastec (Mexico) C'ac'naamal yaan Huave (Mexico) Dios mangüy ic Huichol (Nayarit and Jalisco Mexico) Pan parius Huichol (Nayarit and Jalisco Mexico) Pam parios Hungarian [Magyar] (Hungary) Köszönöm Hungarian [Magyar] (Hungary) Köszi Hungarian [Magyar] (Hungary) [very much] Nagyon köszönöm Hungarian [Magyar] (Hungary) [very much] Köszönöm szépen Huron [Wyandotte] (USA, Canada) Yontonwe Huron [Wyandotte] (USA, Canada) Ti-jiawen [Ibo, see Igbo] Icelandic (Iceland) Takk Icelandic (Iceland) Takk fyrir Icetot (Uganda) Ilakasugotia Ido (international use) Danko Igbo [Ibo] (Nigeria) Imena Igbo [Ibo] (Nigeria) Imela Igbo [Ibo] (Nigeria) Yâuwá Igbo [Ibo] (Nigeria) Dalu [Ik, see Icetot] Ilokano (Philippines) Dios ti agngina Ilokano (Philippines) Agyamanac Ilokano (Philippines) [very much] Agyamanac unay Ilonggo (Philippines) Salamat Ilonggo (Philippines) Daghang salamat Indonesian (Indonesia) [formal] Terima kasih Indonesian (Indonesia) [informal] Makasih Indonesian (Indonesia) [very informal] Thanks ya Indonesian (Jakarta Indonesia) [slang] Trims Ingush (Russia) Barkal Ingush (Russia) [in spoken language] Barkl Ingush (Russia) [lit. thanks be to you] Barkal xalda hwa Ingush (Russia) [thank you very much] Saagha xalda hwa Ingush (Russia) [thank you very much] Deala reaza xalda hwuona Innu (Labrador and Quebec Canada) Tshinashkumitan Interlingua (constructed) Gratias Inuktitut (Baffin Island Canada) Qujannamiik Inuktitut (Canada) Qujanaq Inuktitut (Canada) [very much] Qujanarssuaq Inuktitut (Canada) Mutna Inuktitut (Canada) Nakorami Inuktitut (Alaska) Taikkuu Inuktitut (Barrow Alaska) Quyanaq Inuktitut (Barrow Alaska) [very much] Quyanaqpaq Inuktitut (Noatak Alaska) Taku [Inupiaq, see Inuktitut] Inuttut [Greenlandic] (Greenland) Qujanaq Ioway (United States) [by men] Aho Ioway (United States) [by women] Aha Irish Gaelic (Ireland, Britain) [to one] Go raibh maith agat Irish Gaelic (Ireland) [to more than one] Go raibh maith agaibh Irish Gaelic (Ireland, Britain) Go raibh maith 'ad Irish Gaelic (Ireland, Britain) [to one] Go raibh mile maith agat Irish Gaelic (Ireland) [to more than one] Go raibh mile maith agaibh Isamurongen (Batanes Philippines) Dios mamajes dinio Italian (Central Europe, E Africa) Grazie Itbayaten (Batanes Philippines) Ah Dios mamexes Itbayaten (Batanes Philippines) Ah Dios mamexes dimo Itbayaten (Batanes Philippines) Dios mamexes dimo Itbayaten (Batanes Philippines)[very much] Rakux u kapamaxemaxes namen dimo Ivasayen (Batanes Philippines) Dios mamajes dimo Ivasayen (Batanes Philippines) [very much] Mamajemajes kami dimo su racuj Itzaj [Itzá Maya] (Guatemala) D'yos b'ot'ik ti'ij Itzaj [Itzá Maya] (Guatemala) D'yos b'o'tik Itzaj [Itzá Maya] (Guatemala) D'yos b'o'tikil Ixcatec (Mexico) Skanaa-ri Ixil (Guatemala) Ta'n tiz Jacalteca (Guatemala) Nich'an tiox Japanese (Japan) Arigato Japanese (Japan) Domo arigato Japanese (Japan) [act of thanks not ended] Arigato gozaimasu Japanese (Japan) [act of thanks has ended] Arigato gozaimashita Japanese [Izumo] (Japan) Dan san Japanese [Kansai Ben](Kansai, Osaka Japan) Ookini Japanese [Kansai Ben](Kansai, Osaka Japan) Ookini arigatou Japanese [Kumamoto] (Japan) Kora doshi Japanese [Kyo Kotoba] (Kyoto Japan) Ohkini Japanese [Shodoshima] (Shodoshima Japan) Ookini Japanese [Tohoku Ben] (northeast Japan) Oshoshina Japanese [Uchinaaguchi] (Okinawa Japan) Nihwee-deebiru Jaqaru [Jacaru] (South America) Jilatyi Javanese (Indonesia) Matur nuwun Javanese (Indonesia) Kesuwun Jèrriais (Jersey) Mèrci bein des fais [Jula, see Dyula] Kabuverdianu (Cape Verde) Obrigadu Kabyle (Algeria) Tamemmirt Kachin (Burma) Chyeju kaba sai Kachin (Burma) Chyeju gaba sai Kadazan (Sabah Malaysia) Kotohuadan Kala Kawaw Ya (Australia) Eso Kalmyk (Russia) Khanganav Kanienkehaka [Mohawk] (Canada, USA) Niawen Kanjobal [Q'anjob'al] (Guatemala) Yujwal Dios Kanjobal [Q'anjob'al] (Guatemala) Yuj wal tyoxh Kanjobal [Q'anjob'al] (Guatemala) Yuj wal ch'an tyoxh Kannada (India) Dhanyawaadagalu Kannada (India) Vandane Kannada (India) Vandanegalu Kanuri (Nigeria) Ardeneskin Kapampangan (Philippines) Salamat Kapampangan (Philippines) [formal] Salamat pu Karaim (Trakai Lithuania) Tabu Karakalpak (Uzbekistan) Rahmet Karelian (Finland, Russia) Spassibo Karelian [Tver] (Russia) Passibo Karen (Thailand) Da blu Karen (Thailand) [very much] Da blu do ma law [Karen, see also Pho Karen and Sgaw Karen] [Kartuli, see Georgian] Karuk [Karok] (California USA) Yo-twa Kasem (Ghana, Burkina Faso) De N lei Kasem (Ghana, Burkina Faso) A ke lei naa Kashmiri (India, Pakistan, China) Shukria Kashmiri (India, Pakistan, China) Danawad Kaurareg (Australia) Eso Kaurna (Southern Australia) Ngaityalya Kazakh (Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China) Rahmet Kazakh (Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China) Rahmet sizge Kekchi [K'ekchí] (Guatemala) Bantiox Kekchi (Guatemala) B'antiox Keres (Southwestern United States) Khuu'a Keres (Southwestern United States) Da-waa-ee Khakas (Siberia Russia) Aalghïstapcham Khakas (Siberia Russia) Ispasiba Khmer [Cambodian] (Cambodia) Ar kun =Khomani (South Africa) /Aise Khowar (Central Asia) Shukria Khowar (Central Asia) Mehrbani Khowar (Pakistan) Tazim Kichagga (Tanzania) Haika Kidavida (Africa) Chavucha Kiembu (Africa) Ni waro Kiga (Africa) Kazaare Kiga (Africa) Webare Kiga (Africa) Mwebare Kiga (Africa) Yebare Kiga (Africa) Otyo Kiga (Africa) Osyo Kikamba (Tanzania) Ni oseo Kikongo (Congo, Angola) Ntôndili kwami Kikongo (Congo, Angola) Merci mingi Kikongo (Congo, Angola, Cuba) Ndondele Kikongo (Congo, Angola, Cuba) Ntandele Kikongo (Congo, Angola, Cuba) Wuanka Kikongo (Cuba) Nkimandi Kikongo (Cuba) Manbote Kikuyu (Africa) Ni wega Kikuyu (Africa) Thengiu Kikwe (Africa) Niwega muno Kiluba (Congo-Kinshasa) Wafwa ko Kinyamwezi (Africa) Wabeeja Kinyarwanda (Rwanda, Congo-Kinshasa) Murakoze Kinyarwanda (Rwanda, Congo-Kinshasa) [inf] Urakoze Kiowa (North America) Aahóow Kipsigis (Uganda) Kongoi Kirgiz (Kyrgyzstan) Rakhmat Kirgiz (Kyrgyzstan) Chong rakhmat Kiribati (Pacific Is.) Ko rabwa Kirundi (Burundi) Murakoze Kisanga (Bunkeya Congo-Kinshasa) Tua santa Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) Asante Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) Aksante Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) Ahsante Kisawhili (Southeast Africa) [to several] Asanteni Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) [very much] Asante sana Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) Shukrani Kiswahili (Southeast Africa) Nashukuru Kituba (Africa) Melesí Klallam (Washington United States) Há'neng cen Klallam (Washington USA) [to a friend] Há?neng cen, naschá?che Klallam (Washington USA) [to friends] Há?neng cen, nescháye?che Klallam (Washington USA) [to a friend] Neschá?che cxw Klallam (Washington USA) [for a gift] Há?neng cen ?a? ce n's?éngateng Koasati (Alabama & Oklahoma United States) Tâ Koasati (Alabama & Oklahoma United States) Alí:la mó Kohistani (Central Asia) Shukria Koiari (Papua New Guinea) Maigo Koiari (Papua New Guinea) Maiteka Komi-Permyak (Russia) Atto Komi-Zyryan (Russia) Attö Konkani [Konknni] (India) Dhanyawaada Konkani [Konknni] (Goa India) Dev borem korum Korean (Korea) Komapsumnida Korean (Korea) Kamsahamnida Korean (Korea) [very informal] Komawoyo Kosraean (Micronesia) Kulo Kosraean (Micronesia) [very much] Kulo maluhlap Kosraean (Micronesia) [very much] Kulo na maluhlap Koyukon (Alaska) Baasee' Koyukon (Alaska) Anaa basee Krio (Sierra Leone) Tenki ya Krio (Sierra Leone) Tenkey Kuna (Panama) Dot nuet Kupsapiny (Uganda) Keyi tapon Kurdi [Kurmanji] (Iraq, Iran) Shukur Kurdi (Middle East) Sipas Kurdi (Middle East) Sipas dikim Kutthung (Australia) Murromboo Kwakiutl (North America) Gilakas'la Kwakiutl (North America) [very much] Ah gilakas'la Kwanyama (Angola, Namibia) Nda pandula Kwéyòl (Haiti) Mèsi Kwéyòl (Haiti) [thank you very much] Mèsi plen Kwéyòl (Haiti) [thank you very much] Mèsi anpil Kwéyòl (Haiti) [thank you very much] Granmèsi Ladakhi (India, Pakistan) Od dju Ladakhi (India, Pakistan) Jule Ladin (Gardena Valley Italy) De gra Ladin (Badia Valley Italy) Dilan Ladin (Fassa Valley Italy) [to one person] Detelpai Ladin (Fassa Valley Italy) [plural] Develpai Ladino (Spain) Gracias Ladino (Spain) Munchas gracias Lahu (Thailand) Ah bo Lahu (Thailand) [very much] Ah bo u ja Lahu (China, Southeast Asia) Aw bon uija Lahu (China, Southeast Asia) Da ja Lahu (China, Southeast Asia) Òboi jâ Lakhota (North America) [by female] Pilamaya ye Lakhota (North America) [by male] Pilamaya yelo Lakota (North America) [very much] Pilamaya aloh Lao (Laos) Khawp jai Lao (Laos) [thank you very much] Khawp jai lai lai [Lappish, see Sami] Latin (ancient Rome, Vatican) Gratia Latin (ancient Rome, Vatican) Gratias Latin (ancient Rome, Vatican) Gratias tibi ago Latin (ancient Rome, Vatican) Gratiam habeo Latvian (Latvia) Paldies Latvian (Latvia) [very much] Liels paldies Lenape [Delaware] (United States) Wanìshi Lepcha (India, Nepal, Bhutan) Trok chi Lingala (Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazaville) Melesí Lingala (Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazaville) Matóndo Lingala (Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazaville) Natondi yo Lingua Franca (Mediterranean) Gratzia Lingua Franca (Mediterranean) [very much] Mouchou gratzia Lisu (China, Burma, Thailand) Xual mu wa Lisu (China, Burma, Thailand) Dut zoil Lisu (China, Burma, Thailand) Atkel bboxmu Lisu (Thailand) Ahku bumu Lithuanian (Lithuania) Achiu Lithuanian (Lithuania) Dekoju Lithuanian (Lithuania) [very much] Labai achiu Lithuanian (Lithuania) Dekui Lithuanian (Lithuania) Labai dekoju Lithuanian (Lithuania) [very sincere] Nuo�irdziai dekoju Livonian (Latvia, Estonia) Tienu Livonian (Latvia, Estonia) Tenu Loglan (international) Sia Low Saxon (Eastern Friesland, Germany) Dank Low Saxon [Northern Low Saxon] (Germany) Danke Low Saxon [Westphalian] (Germany) Ek dank auk schoin Low Saxon [Westphalian] (Germany) Sind auk viellmaols bedankt Lucumí (Cuba, United States) Moducué Luganda (Uganda) Webale Luganda (Uganda) [very much] Webale nyo Luiseno (United States) No$un looviq Lummi (United States) Hy'shqe siam Lunda (Zambia) Kusakililaku Lunyankole (South Uganda) Webale Lunyoro (West Uganda) Webale Luo (Kenya, Tanzania) Erokamano Lushootseed (Seattle Washington USA) Ck'wálidxw Lushootseed (USA) [for food or drinks] Helí'dubshewx Luvale (Zambia) Gunasakulila Luxembourgish (Luxembourg) Merci [Maa, see Masai] Maasai [Maa, Masai] (Kenya, Tanzania) Aske Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania) Ashi Maasai [Maa, Masai] (Kenya, Tanzania) Ashi oleng Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania) [very much] Ashi naling Mabuiag (Australia) Eso Macedonian (Macedonia) Blagodaram [Magyar, see Hungarian] Makhua (Tanzania) Asantte Makhua (Mozambique) Kooshukhuru Makhua (Mozambique) Marahaba Malagasy (Madagascar) Misaotra Malagasy (Madagascar) [formal] Misaotra tompoko Malagasy (Madagascar) [very much] Misaotra indrindra Malay (Malaysia, Brunei) Terima kasih Malay (Malaysia, Brunie) [very much] Terima kasih banyak-banyak Malayalam (India) Nandi Malayalam (India) Valarey nanhi Malayalam (India) Nanni Maldivian (Maldives) Sabkaa Malinké (Senegal, Mali) Ni ke Maltese (Malta) Grazzi Maltese (Malta) [very much] Grazzi hafna Mam (Guatemala) Chjóonte Mam (Guatemala) Chjoonta Mam (Guatemala) Chjónta tey Mam (Guatemala) [to more than one person] Chjónta che Mambwe (Tanzania, Zambia) Sanco Mampruli (Ghana) Mossi Manchu (China) Baniha Mandarin [Chinese] (China) Xie xie Mandarin [Chinese] (China) Toa chie Mandinka (West Africa) Abaraka Mandinka (West Africa) [to one person] I ning bara Mandinka (West Africa) [to several people] Al ning bara Manx (Britain) Gura mie ayd Manx (Britain) Gura mie eu Manx (Britain) [thank you very much] Gura mie mooar ayd Maohi (South Pacific) Mauruuru Maori (New Zealand) Tika hoki Maori (New Zealand) Ka pai Maori (Cook Islands) Meitaki Maori (Cook Islands) [very much] Meitaki ma'ata Mapuche [Araucano] (South America) Krasia may Mapuche [Araucano] (South America) Chaltu Mapuche [Araucano] (South America) Chaltu may Mapuche [Araucano] (South America) Traeltu Mapuche [Araucano] (South America) Manumeimi [Mapudungun, see Mapuche] Marathi (India) Abhari ahi Marathi (India) Dhanyawaadh Marathi (India) Dhanyawaatha Mari (Russia) Tau Marquesan (French Polynesia) Koutai Marshallese (Marshall Islands) Kommol Marshallese (Marshall Islands) [very much] Kommol tata Marshallese (Marshall Islands) [very much] Kwölukkuun emmol Mashi (Bukavu Congo-Kinshasa) Koko [Mayan, see Yucatec] Mazahua (Mexico) Pöjö Mazatec (Mexico) Natejchiri Mazatec (Mexico) Nkhi k'a ninashitechino [Mbisu, see Bisu] Mende (Sierra Leone) Baiika Mende (Sierra Leone) Bisse Mende (Sierra Leone) Baika Meriam Mir (Australia) Eswau [Miao, see Hmong] Mien [Yao] (Laos, Thailand) Laengz zingh Mien [Yao] (Laos, Thailand) Laengz zingh meih Mien [Yao] (Laos, Thailand) [very much] Laengz zingh camv Mien (Vietnam) Tö' dun Mikmaq (Canada) Welálin Mikmaq (Canada) Weláliek Mina (Togo) Akpe Mina (Togo) [very much] Akpe ka ka Minangkabau (West Sumatra Indonesia) Tarimo kasih Minangkabau (West Sumatra Indoensia) [inf] Makasi yo Miskito (Nicaragua) Tingki Miwok [S Sierra] (South Sierra USA) Tengkiju Mixtec (Oaxaca Mexico) [formal] Kúta'ùná Mixtec (Oaxaca Mexico) [familiar] Kúta'ùrí Mixtec (Oaxaca Mexico) Kúta'ù shãàrí nuùro Mixtec (Estetla Mexico)[formal-to one p.] Niku tab'i Mixtec (Estetla Mexico)[formal-to several] Niku tab'o Mixtec (Estetla Mexico) [informal] Ta xa'u zin Mixtec (Magdalena Pe�asco Oaxaca Mexico) Cutahvixieensa Mixtec (Magdalena Pe�asco Oaxaca Mexico) Cacutahvixensa Mixtec (San Juan Colorado Mexico) Tyáhvi nyóò Miyako (Ryukyu Island Japan) Nihedebil [Mohawk, see Kanienkehaka] Mohican (North America) Wneeweh Mohican (North America) Oneowe [Mokpwe, see Bakweri] Moldavian (Moldova) Multumesc Mon (Burma, Thailand) Tang kun Monegasque (Monaco) Merçì Mongolian (Mongolia, Northern China) Bayarlalaa Mongolian (Mongolia, Northern China) Gyalailaa Mongolian (Mongolia) [very much] Tand ikh bayarlalaa Mongolian (Mongolia) [for hospitality] Saikhan zochluullaa Mongolian (Mongolia) [for help] Ta ikh tus bolloo Mòoré [Mossi] (Burkina Faso) Wenatase Mòoré [Mossi] (Burkina Faso) Barka Mòoré [Mossi] (Burkina Faso) Mpuusda barka Mòoré [Mossi] (Burkina Faso) [very much] Barka wusgo Mopá-maya (Guatemala) B'o'tic Mordvin (Russia) Syukprya Morisyen (Mauritius) Mersi [Mossi, see Moore] Motu (Papua New Guinea) Tanikiu Mpi (Thailand) Mèu mèu Mpongwe (Gabon) Kewa Muskogee (Oklahoma & Florida USA) Mvto Muskogee (Oklahoma & Florida USA) Henka Muskogee (Oklahoma & Florida USA) Ka Muskogee (Oklahoma & Florida USA) Akvsv'mkv Náhuatl [Aztec] (Mexico) Tlazohcamati Náhuatl [Aztec] (Mexico) Icnelia Náhuatl [Aztec] (Mexico) [very much] Tlazohcamati huel miac Náhuatl [Aztec] (Mexico) [very much] Tlazohcamatzin Náhuatl (Tepoztlan Mexico) Tlazocama Náhuatl (Tepoztlan Mexico) Tlazocamatl Náhuatl (Tepoztlan Mexico) Tlazocamati Náhuatl [classical: Aztec Empire] Nictlazohcamati Nakota (USA, Canada) Pinamaya Nama (Namibia) Aio Nandi (Kenya) Kongoi Nandi (Kenya) Kaigai Nandi (Kenya) Asai Napulitano (Italy) Gràzzie Natick (North America) Tobotonoque Natick (North America) Ttaubotneanauayean Natick (North America) Kuttabotomish Nauruan (Nauru) Tsuba kor Navajo (United States) Ahéhee' Naxi (Yunnan China) Jjef bei seiq Ndebele (Zimbabwe) Ngeyabonga Ndebele (Zimbabwe) Ngiyabonga Ndebele (Zimbabwe) Ngiyathokaza Ndebele (Zimbabwe) [very much] Ngeyabonga kakulu Ndebele (Zimbabwe) [very much] Ngiyabonga kakulu Ndebele (Zimbabwe) [plural] Siyabonga Ndebele (Zimbabwe) [plural, very much] Siyabonga kakulu Ndjuka (Suriname) Gaantangi fi ye Ndjuka (Suriname) Gaantangi Ndjuka (Suriname) A bigi ba Nenets (Russia) Nyarya bada Nepali (Nepal, Bhutan) Dhanyabaad Newari (India, Nepal) Su-bhaay Nez Perce (North America) Qe'ci'yew'yew' Nganasan (Russia) Xoasi Nganasan (Russia) Nägê Ngbaka (Africa) Dé kãã Ngizim (Nigeria) Ná goodoota-ngaa naa ci Ngoni (Malawi) Zikomo Nias [North Nias] (Nias Island Indonesia) Sauha gölö Nias [South Nias] (Nias Island Indonesia) Söwö gölö Nigerian Pidgin (Nigeria) Thank yu Nigerian Pidgin (Nigeria) Well done Niuean (Niue, South Pacific) Fakaaue Niuean (Niue, South Pacific) [informal] Ha ia Niuean (Niue, South Pacific) [very much] Fakaaue lahi mahaki Norwegian [Nynorsk, Bokmaal] (Norway) Takk Norwegian [Bokmaal] (Norway) [very much] Tusen takk Norwegian [Sortlandsk] (Sortland Norway) Takk Ntomba (Africa) Ebóto Ntomba (Africa) Ewata [Occitan, see Provencal] Ojibwe [Chippewa, Anishinaabe] (N.America) Miigwech Okanogan (North America) Lim limt Oriya (India) Danna waat Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Ulfaad'd'a Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Waaqni sii haa kennu Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Maharaba Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Galatoomii Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Galatomaa Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Fayyaa ta'aa Oromo (Kenya, Somalia) Fayyaa ta'i Osage (USA) We'-a-hnon Osage (USA) Thla-ho Ossetian (Caucasus) Arfö Ossetian (Caucasus) Buznyg Otetela (Lodja Congo-Kinshasa) Losaka Paamese (Vanuatu) Hihuri Paamese (Vanuatu) Namasmasuk Pa'ikwene (Amazon) Kibeiné Paipai (Mexico, USA) 'Ara'ya:ikm Paipai (Mexico, USA) 'Ara'yai:km Paipai (Mexico, USA) 'Ara'ye:km Paiwan (Taiwan) Malimali Paiwan (Taiwan) Masalu Palauan (Palau) Sulang Palauan (Palau) Msuulaang Palauan (Palau) Ke kmal mesaul Panamahka (Nicaragua) Tingkih Papiamentu (Dutch Antilles, Aruba) Danki Pashto (Afghanistan) Tashakkur Pashto (Afghanistan, Pakistan) Sta na shukria Pende (Congo-Kinshasa) Hambadiahana [Penobscot, see Abenaki] [Persian, see Farsi] Pho Karen (Thailand) Hsà khawn hsá ta má' lâw [Pidgin English, see Nigerian Pidgin, Pijin and Tok Pisin] Pijin (Solomon Islands) Tanggio [Pikanii, see Blackfoot] Pipil (El Salvador) Paampa diyúx Pipil (El Salvador) Padiux Plattdeutsch (Germany) Dankscheen [Plautdietsch, see Plattdeutsch] Pocomchí (Guatemala) Rin dios awe Pohnpeian (Micronesia) Kalangan Pohnpeian (Pohnpei) Kalangen en Komwi [Police Motu, see Hiri Motu] Polish (Poland) Dziekuje Polish (Poland) [spoken by several people] Dziekujemy Polish (Poland) [familiar] Dzieki Polish (Silesia region, Southern Poland) Dziynki Polish (Silesia region, Southern Poland) Dziynkuja Polynesian (Polynesia) Auw'e Ponpeian (Ponpei) Kelangan Popoluca (Mexico) Ni'ctíyus Portuguese (Portugal, Brazil) [by male] Obrigado Portuguese (Portugal, Brazil) [by female] Obrigada Potawatomi (United States) Iwgwien Potawatomi (United States) Migwe'c Potawatomi (United States) Kcumigwe'c Provencal [Occitan] (France) Mercé Provencal [Occitan] (France) Gramaci Provencal [Occitan] (France) [very much] Mercé plan Pueblo [Acoma] (Southwestern USA) Da-wah-eh [Pular, see Fulani] Puluwat (Micronesia) Kilissow Punjabi (India) Dhannvaad Punjabi (India) Dannaba Punjabi (India) Shukria Punjabi (India) Miharbaanee Punjabi (India) Tuhaadee kirpaa hai Puyuma (Taiwan) Tayu'an [Q'anjob'al, see Kanjobal] Quechua Ancashino (Ancash Peru) Paylla Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho Peru) Yuspagrasunki Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho Peru) Dyuspagrasunki Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho Peru) Diyus pagapusonqa Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho Peru)[plural] Diyus pagapusonqacheh Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho Peru) [very] Anchata agradisiyki Quechua Ayacuchano (Ayacucho)[very;plural] Anchata agradisiykicheh Quechua Cochabambino (Cochabamba Bolivia) Diuspagarasunki Quechua Cochabambino (Cochabamba Bolivia) Diuspagarapusunki Quechua Cochabambino (Cochabamba Bolivia) Pachi Quechua Cochabambino (Cochabamba Bolivia) Pachis Quechua (Cuzco Peru & Cochabamba Bolivia) Yusulpayki Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco Peru) Yusulpaykinsunki Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco Peru) Yuspagarasunki Quechua Cuzqueño (Peru)[to several people] Yuspagarasunkichis Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco Peru) Añay Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco Peru) Añachaykin Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco Peru) Grasias Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco)[very much/formal] Urpi sonqo Quechua Cuzqueño (Cuzco)[very much/formal] Sinchitan añaychayki Quechua Huancaño (Huanca Peru) Rasyas Quiché [K'iche] (Guatemala) Maltiox Quiché [K'iche] (Guatemala) [to a man] Maltiox tat Quiché [K'iche] (Guatemala) [to a woman] Maltiox nan Quiché [K'iche] (Guatemala) Sibälaj maltiox Quiché [K'iche] (Guatemala) [for work] Cheri cha ai Quichua (Ecuador) Pagui Quichua (Ecuador) Pagui shungulla Quichua (Ecuador) Diusulupagui Quichua (Ecuador) Yupaichani Rakhin (Myanmar) Chyee zu thon ree Rapanui (Easter Island) Maururu [Raramuri, see Tarahumara] Resigaro (Peru) Kashoonopihku Rohingya (Myanmar) Shukuria Romani [Romany] [Gypsy] (Europe) Gestena Romani [Romany] [Gypsy] (central Europe) Nais Romani [Romany] [Gypsy] (central Europe) Nais tuke Romani [Caló] (Spain) Najis tuke Romanian (Romania) Multumesc Romansch (Switzerland) Grazia Romansch (Swizterland) Grazie Romansch (Swizterland) Grazcha Rotuman (Pacific Islands) Noa'ia Rotuman (Pacific Islands) [said to child] Filo'montou Rukai (Taiwan) Maulanenga [Runasimi, see Quechua] Russian (Russia) Spasibo [Ryukyu, see Miyako] [Saame, see Sami] Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) Giitit itt Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) Giittus Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) Giitus Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) [very much] Giitus eanat Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) Giihtu Saami [Lappish] (Scandinavia) Gaejtho Saami [Davvi Saami] [Lappish](Scandinavia) Giitu Saami [Inari Saami] [Lappish](Scandinavia) Takkâ Saami [Skolt Saami] [Lappish](Scandinavia) Spässep Saami [Skolt Saami] [Lappish](Scandinavia) Spä'sseb Saanich (Vancouver Island Canada) Hay sxw q'a Saanich (Vancouver Island Canada) Hay sxw q'e Saisiat (Taiwan) Muhuway su Samoan (Samoa) Fa'afetai Samoan (Samoa) [thank you very much] Fa'afetai tele [San, see G//ana, G/wi and =Khomani] Sangha (Mali) Birepo Sango (Central African Republic) Mèrèsi Sanskrit (ancient India) Anugurihiitosumi Sara (Chad) Angen Saramaccan (Suriname) Gaantángí fii Saramaccan (Suriname) F&uacteu;únu Sardinian (Italy) Grassias Sarnami (Suriname, Holland) Dhanbaad Sarnami (Suriname, Holland) Dhanjabaab Sarnami (Suriname, Holland) Sukriya Sarnami (Suriname, Holland) Soekoeria Sasak (Indonesia) Matur tampiasih Sasak (Indonesia) Tampi asiq Saulteaux (Manitoba Canada) Miigwech Savonian (Ylä-Savo Finland) Kiitoksija Scottish Gaelic (Scotland) Tapadh leat Scottish Gaelic (Scotland) [formal] Tapadh leibh Scottish Gaelic (Scotland) [many thanks] Moran taing Scottish Gaelic (Southern Scotland) [for.] Gun robh math agaibh Scottish Gaelic (Southern Scotland) [inf.] Gun robh math agad Scots (Scotland) Thenk ye Scots (Scotland) Thank ye Scots [Ulster Scots] (Northern Ireland) Thenks [Seminole, see Creek] Senoufo (Cote d'Ivoire, Mali) Minkari Senoufo (Cote d'Ivoire, Mali) Minmonchar Sepedi (South Africa) Ke a leboga Serbian (Bosnia, Yugoslavia) Hvala Serbian (Bosnia, Yugoslavia) [very much] Hvala lepa Seri (Sonora Mexico) Yooz ma samsisíinxo Serrere (Senegal, Gambia) Dioka ndjiale Seselwa [Seychelles Creole] (Seychelles) Mersi Seselwa [Seychelles Creole] (Seychelles) Gran mersi Sesotho (Lesotho, South Africa) Ke a leboha Setswana (Botswana, South Africa) Ke itumtese Setswana (Botswana, South Africa) Ke itumela Setswana (Botswana, South Africa) Ke a leboga Setu (Estonia) Aiteh Sgaw Karen (Thailand) Tà byu' dô law Sgaw Karen (Thailand) Dah bluet Shanghai (Shanghai China) Sha ja non Shanghai (Shanghai China) Sha sha Shanghai (Shanghai China) [informal] Sha ja Shelta (USA, Ireland) [old;no longer used] Djeelsha grawsta Sherpa [Helambu] (Nepal, Tibet) Thuchi chea Sherpa [Solu] (Nepal, Tibet) Thuchi che Shimasiwa (Comoros) Marahaba Shina (Central Asia, India) Shukria Shina (Central Asia, India) Bakhshish Shipibo (Peru) Iráque Shipibo (Peru) [very much] Ichabires iráque Shona, see Chishona] Sicilian (Sicily Italy) Grazzii Silozi (Zambia) Ni itumezi Silozi (Zambia) Litumezi Silozi (Zambia) Nitumezi Sindhi (Pakistan) Mehrbani Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) Istuti Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) [very much] Bohoma istuti Siswati [Swazi] (Swaziland)[by one person] Ngiyabonga Siswati [Swazi] (Swaziland)[more than one] Siyabonga Slovak (Slovakia) Dakujem Slovak (Slovakia) [formal] Dakujem vám Slovak (Slovakia) [informal] Dakujem ti Slovenian (Slovenia) Hvala Slovenian (Slovenia) [formal] Hvala vam Slovenian (Slovenia) [familiar] Hvala ti Slovenian (Slovenia) [very much] Hvala lepa Solresol (old; international) Sol Ti Somali (East Africa) Mahad sanid Soninke (Mali, Senegal) Nawari Sorbian [Upper Sorbian] (eastern Germany) Dz'akuju so Sorbian [Lower Sorbian] (eastern Germany) Z'e'kujom se Spanish (Spain, America) Gracias Spanish (Spain, America) [very much] Muchas gracias Spokane (United States) Chn lm-s-cút Sranan (Suriname) Grantangi Sranan (Suriname) Tangi Sranan (Suriname) Danki Sudovian (Baltic region) Denkâ Sudovian (Baltic region) Denkauja Suqpiaq (Alaska) Quyanaa Sundanese [Basa Sunda] (Indonesia) Hatur nuhun Sursilvan (Switzerland) Engraziel Suryoyo (Syria, Turkey) Tawdi Suryoyo (Syria, Turkey) [very much] Tawdi sagi Susu (Guinea) Inwali Swabian (Central Europe) Dankeschee Swabian (Central Europe) Dankschee [Swahili, see Kiswahili] [Swazi, see Siswati] Swedish (Sweden, Finland) Tack Swedish (Sweden, Finland) Jag tackar Swedish (Sweden, Finland) [very much] Tack så mycket Swedish (Sweden, Finland) [very much] Tackar så mycket Swedish (Sweden, Finland) [very much] Stort tack Tagalog (Philippines) Salamat Tagalog (Philippines) Salamat po Tagalog (Philippines) Salamat sa iyo Tagalog (Philippines) [very much] Maraming salamat Tahitian (Tahiti) Mauruuru Tahitian (Tahiti) Mauruuru roa Taino [Arawak] (Caribbean) Oáan Taino [Arawak] (Carribbean, Florida USA) Bo matum Tajik (Tajikstan) Tashakur Tajik (Tajikstan) Rakhmat Taki-taki (French Guyana) Ganta [Tamahoq, see Tamashek] Tamashek [Tamahoq, Tuareg] (West Africa) Tanumert Tamil (India, Southeast Asia) Nandri Tamil (India, Southeast Asia) Nangreeih Tamil (India, Southeast Asia) Romba nanringa Tamil (India, Southeast Asia) Rumba nandri Tamil (Madras/Chennai India) [colloquial] Rumba thanks Tanaina (Alaska) Chin'an Tanana (Alaska) Basee choo Tanana (Alaska) Maasee' Tanana [Upper Tanana] (Alaska) Tsen'ii Tarahumara [Rarámuri] (Mexico) Matéterabá Tarahumara [Raramuri] (Mexico) Matétera Tarahumara [Raramuri] (Samachique Mexico) Natérarabá Tashkorghani (Central Asia) Rahmat türi Tatar (Russia) Rekhmet Tay (Vietnam) Day fon Telugu (India) Dhanyavaadaalu Telugu (India) Tamara krutagntha Tetum (East Timor) [by a man] Obrigado Tetum (East Timor) [by a man] Obrigadu Tetum (East Timor) [by a woman] Obrigada Tetum (East Timor) [by a man] [very much] Obrigado barak Tetum (East Timor) [by a man] [very much] Obrigadu barak Tetum (East Timor) [by a woman][very much] Obrigada barak [Teuso, see Icetot] Tewa (Southwestern United States) Kuunda Thai (Thailand) Khawp khun Thai (Thailand) [by man] Khawp khun khrap Thai (Thailand) [by woman] Khawp khun kha Thai (Thailand) [by man] Khrap Thai (Thailand) [by woman] Kha Thai (Thailand) [very much] Khawp khun makh Thangmi [Thami] (Himalayas) Sewa Tibetan (Tibet, China) Tujechhe Tigrinya (Ethiopia, Eritrea) Yrunyli Tigrinya (Ethiopia, Eritrea) Yaqhanyelay Tigrinya (Ethiopia, Eritrea) Yeqniyeley Tigrinya (Ethiopia, Eritrea) Yekanyelay Tlingit (Canada, northwest coast of USA) Guneshcheesh Tlingit (Canada, Alaska) Gunalchéesh Tlingit (Canada, Alaska) [very much] Gunalchéesh hó hó Tlingit (Canada, Alaska) [very much] Atlein gunalchéesh Tojolabal (Chiapas Mexico) Tzachatal Tojolabal (Chiapas Mexico) Yuj Tok Pisin [Pidgin English] (New Guinea) Tenkiu Tok Pisin (New Guinea) Tenkyu Tok Pisin (New Guinea) [very much[ Tenkyu tru Tongan (Tonga South Pacific Island) Malo Tongan (Tonga South Pacific Island) [very] Malo 'aupito Toraja (Indonesia) Kurre sumange [Torres Strait Broken, see Yumpla Tok] Totonac (Veracruz Mexico) Paxkatkatzinil [Tsalagi, see Cherokee] Tschiluba (Kasai Oc. Reg., Congo-Kinshasa) Twasakadila Tsimshian (Alaska) Way dankoo Tsonga (South Africa) I nkomu [Tuareg, see Tamashek] Tugalug (Philippines) Salamot Tukang Besi (Indonesia) Tarima kasi Tulu (India) [thank you very much] Mast upakara Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Azéharamopa Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Azéharamo kui Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Azéharmo kui Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Azéharamo aypopa Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Ipopa Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by men] Ipo Tupi [Tembé Tenetéhar] (Brazil) [by women] Azéharamo aypo-mia Turkish (Turkey, Northern Cyprus) Tesekkür ederim Turkish (Turkey, Northern Cyprus) Tesekkurler Turkish (Turkey, Northern Cyprus) Mersi Turkish (Turkey, N. Cyprus) [informal] Sagol Turkish (Turkey, N. Cyprus) [formal] Sagolun Turkish (Turkey, N. Cyprus) [very much] Çok tesekkür ederim Turkish (Turkey, N. Cyprus) [very much] Çok sagolun Turkmen (Turkmenistan) Sag bol Turkmen (Turkmenistan) Sag bolung Turkmen (Turkmenistan) Tangur Tuscarora [Southern Band] (N.Carolina USA) Nyeahweh Tuvaluan (Tuvalu) Fakafetai Tuvan (Russia) Chettirdim Tzeltal (Chiapas Mexico) Jocolawal Tzeltal (Chiapas Mexico) Wokolawal Tzotzil (Chiapas Mexico) Kolaval Tzotzil (Chiapas Mexico) Kolawal Tzotzil (Chiapas Mexico) [very much] Batz'i kolaval Tzotzil (Chiapas Mexico) Ois botik Uchinaaguchi (Okinawa Japan) Nihei deebiru Uchinaaguchi (Okinawa Japan) Ippe nihei deebiru Uchinaaguchi [Shuri] (Okinawa Japan) Nifee deebiru Udmurt (Russia) Tau Ukrainian (Ukraine) Dyakooyu Ukrainian (Ukraine) Spasibi Unagan (Alaska) Qagaasakung Unagan (Alaska) Qaqaasakuq Urdu (India, Pakistan) Shukriya Urdu (India, Pakistan) Danyavad Urdu (India, Pakistan) Merbani Ute (Colorado and Utah USA) Towayak Ute (Colorado and Utah USA) Tog'oyak Ute (Colorado and Utah USA) Tograyock Ute (Colorado and Utah USA) Tokhoyak Uvean (Wallis and Futuna Vanuatu) Malo Uvean (Wallis and Futuna Vanuatu) Malo te ofa Uyghur (Central Asia) Rakhmat Uyghur (Central Asia) Rähmät sizgä Uzbek (Uzbekistan) Rakhmat Uzbek (Uzbekistan) Tashakkur Valencian (Spain) Gracies Valencian (Spain) Moltes gracies Venda (South Africa) Ndi a livhuha Venda (South Africa) Ndo livhuwa Venda (South Africa) Ukhani Veps (Russia) Spasibo Vietnamese (Vietnam) Cám ơn Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to man] Cám ơn ông Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to married woman] Cám ơn bà Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to unmarried woman] Cám ơn cô Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to male equal] Cám ơn anh Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to female equal] Cám ơn chị Vietnamese (Vietnam) [to young person] Cám ơn em Vietnamese (Vietnam) Cám ơn qu� vị r�t nhiều Vietnamese (Vietnam) Ông quá tử tế với t�i Visayan [Cebuano] (Philippines) Salamat Visayan [Cebuano] (Philippines) Gracia [Vlaams, see Dutch (Belgium)] Votic (Russia) Passibo Votic (Russia) [may God give you health] Antagoo Jumal tervüt teilee Wakhi (Central Asia) Shukria Wakhi (Central Asia) Shobosh Wali (Northern Ghana) Bareka Walloon (Belgium) Merci Walloon (Belgium) [pronounced] Mercè Walloon (Belgium) [old form] Gråces Wampanoag (USA) Taubut Warlpiri (Australia) Wiyarrparlunpaju-yungu Welsh (Wales) [formal] Diolch yn fawr Welsh (Wales) [thank you very much] Diolch yn fawr iawn Welsh (Wales) [thanks] Diolch Wintu (California USA) Depelda mat doyut Wintu (California USA) Depelda cala da mat doyut Wintu (California USA) Cala da mat doyut Wolof (West Africa) Djere dief Wolof (West Africa) Jerejef [Wyandotte, see Huron] Xhosa (South Africa) Ndiyabulela Xhosa (South Africa) Enkosi Xhosa (South Africa) [very much] Enkosi kakhulu Xiamen (China) Kam sia Yacouba (Côte d'Ivoire) Balika Yaka (Angola, Congo-Kinshasa) Koloombo Yami (Taiwan) Ayoi [Yao (Africa), see Chiyao] [Yao (Asia), see Mien] Yapese (Micronesia) Kam magar Yiddish (Europe) Dank Yiddish (Europe) A dank aych Yoruba (Nigeria) E se é Yoruba (Nigeria) Oshe Yoruba (Nigeria) A dupe Yoruba (Nigeria) [honorific] E seun Yoruba (Nigeria) [non-honorific] O seun Yoruba [to age mate or younger] O se Yoruba [to person older than speaker] E se Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Dios bo'otik Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Dyos bo'otik Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Dios bootiki' Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Hach dyos bo'otik Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Yum bo'otik Yucatec (Yucatan Mexico) Ki' bolal Yuki (United States) Mis tatk Yugur [Western Yugur] (Gansu China) Sagha &ccedi;owattï Yugur [Western Yugur] (Gansu China) Çowattï Yolngu Matha (Australia) Yo manymak Yumpla Tok (Torres Strait Australia) Eso po yu Yup'ik (Alaska) Quyana Yup'ik (Siberia) Quyanaghhalek Yup'ik (Siberia) Igamsiqanaghhalek Zapotec (Villa Alta Mexico) [to one] Dishkleno Zapotec (Villa Alta Mexico) [to several] Dishklenle Zapotec (Yatzachi Mexico) [to one] Choshcwleno' Zapotec (Yatzachi Mexico) [to one] Choshcwlentio' Zapotec (Yatzachi Mexico) [to several] Choshcwlen chele Zapotec (Yatzachi Mexico) [very much] Choshcwleno' de'e zan las Zapotec (Zoogocho Mexico) [to one] Choshkleno' Zapotec (Zoogocho Mexico) [very much] Choshklenteco Zapotec (Zoogocho Mexico) [to several] Choshklenle Zapotec (Oaxaca Mexico) Guishepeli Zarma [Dyerma] (West Africa) Fofo Zoque (Mexico) Yuscotoya Zulu (South Africa, Lesotho) Ngiyabonga Zulu (South Africa, Lesotho) [very much] Ngiyabonga ka khulu Zulu (South Africa, Lesotho) [plural] Siyabonga

Hurricane Dennis, Tampa 2005

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 17, 2008 at 7:00pm

Hurricane Dennis, Tampa 2005 An interesting culvert near Westchase in Hillsborough County, Florida.

As the hart panteth after the water brooks

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 17, 2008 at 5:32pm

Psalm 42: 1-5 As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come and appear before God? My tears have been my meat, day and night, while they continually say to unto me, Where is thy God? When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me: for I had gone with the multitude, I went with them to the house of God, with the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that keep holy days. Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise Him for the help of His countenance

Julian Hinds Award Plaque Certificate for Wayne Huber

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 5, 2008 at 10:00pm

Julian Hinds Award Plaque Certificate
– Cash $2,000
Order award from Recognition Products
Environmental and Water Resources Institute – Autumn Richter
EWRI Annual Congress, May 1520,
2007, Tampa, FL
Wayne C. Huber, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE

“For contributions to hydrology, urban water resources engineering, and water quality
management, and particularly his efforts as developer, promoter and sustainer of the
widely used USEPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), which is the
international standard for urban water management engineering.”

SWMM 5.0.009, 5.0.010, 5.0.011, 5.0.012, 5.0.013, 5.0.014, 5.0.015, 5.0.016, 5.0.017, 5.0.018, 5.0.019, 5.0.020, 5.0.021

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 5, 2008 at 11:00am

SWMM 5.0.009, 5.0.010, 5.0.011, 5.0.012, 5.0.013, 5.0.014, 5.0.015, 5.0.016, 5.0.017, 5.0.018, 5.0.019, 5.0.020

More Information about the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) for watershed water quality, hydrology and hydraulics modelers can be found at these additional WebSites.

Wikipedia SWMM
EPA SWMM 5 Site
SWMM 2008
SWMM5.COM
Google SWMM 2000 Site
Dynsystem
SWMM Google Group
SWMM-Espanol Google Group
HHWQ
SWMM Conversion
SWMM 5 Blog
SWMM 5.0.013 Ning Site
SWMM 2009 Ning Site
swmm5information Ning Site
UDFCD Computational Tools and USDCM Support
MWH Soft

Modeling Urban Wetland Hydrology for the Restoration of a Forested Riparian Wetland Ecosystem

Posted by Robert Dickinson on July 5, 2008 at 10:30am

Modeling Urban Wetland Hydrology for the Restoration of a Forested Riparian Wetland Ecosystem by Christopher Obropta1,2, Peter Kallin3, Michael Mak4, and Beth Ravit1 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 2Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 3Belgrade Regional Conservation Alliance, Belgrade Lakes, ME 04918 4Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901 Abstract To achieve our goal of a sustainable wetland system within a highly urbanized watershed, we required a model of the site's existing hydrology. This model will be used to develop a Conceptual Restoration Plan incorporating hydrology capable of sustaining the reestablished wetland system. Initial data suggests that the current system hydrology is dominated predominately by surface water flows. We have utilized the USEPA SWMM model to characterize water movement through 46 subbasins on this site. These simulated surface water flows will be used in conjunction with ground water, vegetation, and soil data to develop a Conceptual Restoration Plan for the site and to predict surface water movement through the reestablished wetlands. Keywords: Riparian wetland ecosystem, hydrology, SWMM model, water budget, runoff, aquaclude, perched bog

Batch Files for SWMM 4 and SWMM 5

Posted by Robert Dickinson on June 28, 2008 at 2:00pm

How to Use the SWMM 4 Dos EngineEngine

SWMM Engine Name Name of the SWMM 4 DOS Engine
SWMM Input File - SWMM 4 Input file
SWMM Output File - SWMM 4 Text Output File (.OUT Extension)
Alternative SWMM Output File - Reduced SWMM 4 Output File (.RPT Extension)

How to Use the SWMM 5 Dos Engineine

SWMM Engine Name Name of the SWMM 5 DOS Engine (usually called SWMM5.EXE)
SWMM Input File - SWMM 5 Input file
SWMM Output File - SWMM 5 Output Binary Graphics File (.OUT Extension)
Alternative SWMM Output File - SWMM 5 Output Text File (.RPT Extension)

Hiding Chameleons

Posted by Robert Dickinson on June 9, 2008 at 12:30pm

Who's looking at you. Chameleons are known for their ability to change their appearance and blend into their surroundings. Research published this week in Biology Letters suggests that their color choices depend in part on what is looking at them. Scientists captured 16 dwarf chameleons and exposed them to realistic stand-ins of two common predators: the fiscal shrike bird and a tree snake called the boomslang. When a bird was in the vicinity, chameleons switched their color to match the surroundings much more closely than when a snake was nearby, the scientists report. But when the team modeled how a snake would see the camouflaged creatures, they discovered that the chameleons were hidden in plain sight better for the snakes than they were for birds.

Productivity= (Creative Energy + Focus + Motivation + Aptitude + Ideal Time)/(Difficulty + Distractions)

Posted by Robert Dickinson on April 2, 2008 at 11:00pm

A General Theory of Productivity

Mar.17, 2008 in Creativity, Flow, Productivity

A General Theory of Productivity

Here recently I’ve been thinking a lot about what makes people productive in general. What follows is a general theory that captures what I think is going on:

Productivity = (Creative Energy + Focus + Motivation + Aptitude + Ideal Time)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Difficulty + Distractions)

Huber, W. C. and R. E. Dickinson, 1988

Posted by Robert Dickinson on March 27, 2008 at 10:28pm

Huber, W. C., J. P. Heaney, S. J. Nix, R. E. Dickinson, and D. J. Polmann, 1984. Storm Water Management Model. User's Manual Ver. III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Huber, W. C. and R. E. Dickinson, 1988, Storm Water Management Model. User's Manual Ver. IV, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

FEMA Approved Models

Posted by Robert Dickinson on March 27, 2008 at 10:00pm

Source: http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/en_hydra.shtm

Numerical Models Meeting the Minimum Requirement of NFIP

Nationally Accepted Hydraulic Models as of January 2009

Hydraulic Models: Determination of Water-Surface Elevation for Riverine Analysis

Please reference the following memorandums on the use of HEC-RAS for NFIP purposes. Note that the memorandums are periodically updated, so be sure to read and apply them each time you reference the chart below.

**Hydraulic Models: Determination of Water-Surface Elevations for Riverine Analysis**
http://www.fema.gov/graphics/datatable_bg_header.jpg); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #cae8ea; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid #c1dad7;" scope="col">PROGRAM	http://www.fema.gov/graphics/datatable_bg_header.jpg); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #cae8ea; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid #c1dad7;" scope="col">DEVELOPED BY	http://www.fema.gov/graphics/datatable_bg_header.jpg); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #cae8ea; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid #c1dad7;" scope="col">AVAILABLE FROM	http://www.fema.gov/graphics/datatable_bg_header.jpg); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #cae8ea; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid #c1dad7;" scope="col">COMMENTS
One-Dimensional Steady Flow Models
HEC-RAS 3.1.1 and up	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers	Water Resources Support Center Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687 www.hec.usace.army.mil/	For water surface elevation difference due to use of different HEC-RAS versions, refer to FEMA Memorandum HEC-RAS Version Updates (August 17, 2004) HEC-RAS Program Update Public Domain: Yes
HEC-2 (May 1991)	US Army Corps of Engineers	Water Resources Support Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687	Includes culvert analysis and floodway options. Public Domain: Yes
WSPRO (Jun. 1988 and up)	US Geological Survey, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)	Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) web page at: www.fhwa.dot.gov/ engineering/hydraulics/ software/softwaredetail.cfm	Floodway option is available in June 1998 version. 1988 version is available on the USGS web page at: water.usgs.gov/software/ surface_water.html Public Domain: Yes
QUICK-2 1.0 and up (Jan. 1995)	FEMA	Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration 500 C Street, SW Washington, DC 20472 www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/ fhm/frm_soft.shtm	Intended for use in areas studied by approximate methods (Zone A) only. May be used to develop water-surface elevations at one cross section or a series of cross sections. May not be used to develop a floodway. Public Domain: Yes
HY8 4.1 and up (Nov. 1992)	US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)	Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) web page at: www.fhwa.dot.gov/ engineering/hydraulics/ software/softwaredetail.cfm	Computes water-surface elevations for flow through multiple parallel culverts and over the road embankment. Public Domain: Yes
WSPGW 12.96 (Oct. 2000) and up	Los Angeles Flood Control District and Joseph E. Bonadiman & Associates, Inc.	Joseph E. Bonadiman & Associates, Inc. 588 West 6th Street San Bernardino, CA 92410 www.bonadiman.com	Windows version of WSPG. Computes water-surface profiles and pressure gradients for open channels and closed conduits. Can analyze multiple parallel pipes. Road overtopping cannot be computed. Open channels are analyzed using the standard step method but roughness coefficient cannot vary across the channel. Overbank analyses cannot be done. Multiple parallel pipe analysis assumes equal distribution between pipes so pipes must be of similar material, geometry, slope, and inlet configuration. Floodway function is not available. Demo version available from: www.bonadiman.com/ software/wspg.htm Public Domain: No
StormCAD v.4 (June 2002) and up	Bentley Systems	Bentley Systems 685 Stockton Drive Exton, PA 19341 www.bentley.com/en-US	Perform backwater calculations. Should not be used for systems with more than two steep pipes (e.g. supercritical conditions). Inflow is computed by using the Rational Method; the program is only applicable to watershed, which has the drainage area to each inlet less than 300 acres. Public Domain: No
PondPack v. 8 (May 2002) and up	Bentley Systems	Bentley Systems 685 Stockton Drive Exton, PA 19341 www.bentley.com/en-US	Cannot model ineffective flow areas. HEC-RAS or an equivalent program must be used to model tail water conditions when ineffective flow areas must be considered. Public Domain: No
Culvert Master v. 2.0 (September 2000), and up	Bentley Systems	Bentley Systems 685 Stockton Drive Exton, PA 19341 www.bentley.com/en-US	Compute headwater elevations for circular concrete and RCB culverts for various flow conditions. Public Domain: No
XP-SWMM 8.52 and up	XP Software	XP Software 5415 SW Westgate Dr. Suite 150 Portland, OR 97221 www.xpsoftware.com	XP-SWMM cannot represent more than three Manning’s n values per channel section. Where more than this number of values per section are required, the user must demonstrate that the three n values used accurately depict the composite n value for the entire section at various depths. The floodway procedures are for steady flow purposes only. Refer to procedures for unsteady flow floodway calculation posted on the FEMA website at Floodway Analysis for SWMM Models Public Domain: No
Xpstorm 10.0 (May 2006)	XP Software	XP Software 5415 SW Westgate Dr. Suite 150 Portland, OR 97221 www.xpsoftware.com	Xpstorm has the same stormwater modeling capability as the XP-SWMM program.
One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Models
HEC-RAS 3.1.1 and up	US Army Corps of Engineers	Water Resources Support Center Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687 www.hec.usace.army.mil/	Calibration or verification to the actual flood events highly recommended. Floodway concept formulation unavailable. Version 3.1 cannot create detailed output for multiple profiles in the report file. CHECK-RAS cannot extract data. Public Domain: Yes
FEQ 9.98 and FEQUTL 5.46 (2005, both),FEQ 8.92 and FEQUTL 4.68 (1999, both)	Delbert D. Franz, Linsley, Kraeger Associates; and Charles S. Melching, USGS	U.S. Geological Survey 221 North Broadway Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 il.water.usgs.gov/proj/feq/	The FEQ model is a computer program for the solution of full, dynamic equations of motion for one-dimensional unsteady flow in open channels and control structures. The hydraulic characteristics for the floodplain (including the channel, overbanks, and all control structures affecting the movement of flow) are computed by its companion program FEQUTL and used by the FEQ program. Calibration or verification to the actual flood events highly recommended. Floodway concept formulation is unavailable. Public Domain: Yes
ICPR 2.20 (Oct. 2000), 3.02 (Nov. 2002), and 3.10 (April 2008)	Streamline Technologies, Inc.	Streamline Technologies, Inc. 1900 Town Plaza Ct Winter Springs, FL 32708 www.streamnologies.com	Calibration or verification to the actual flood events highly recommended. Floodway concept formulation unavailable; however, version 3 allows user to specify encroachment stations to cut off the cross section. PercPack is currently under FEMA review. Public Domain: No
SWMM 5 Version 5.0.005 (May 2005) and up	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	Water Supply and Water Resources Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/ models/swmm/index.htm	SWMM 5 provides an integrated environment for editing study area input data, running hydrologic simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. Public Domain: Yes
UNET 4.0 (April 2001)	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers	Water Resources Support Center Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687	Calibration or verification to the actual flood events highly recommended. Comparison of bridge and culvert modeling to other numerical models reveals significant differences in results; these differences may be investigated in the near future. Floodway option is not accepted for NFIP usage. Public Domain: Yes
FLDWAV (Nov. 1998)	National Weather Service	Hydrologic Research Laboratory Office of Hydrology National Weather Service, NOAA 1345 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910	Includes all the features of DAMBRK and DWOPER plus additional capabilities. It is a computer program for the solution of the fully dynamic equations of motion for one-dimensional flow in open channels and control structures. Floodway concept formulation is unavailable. Calibration to actual flood events required. This model has the capability to model sediment transport. Program is supported by NWS. National Weather Service FLDWAV Computer Program Public Domain: Yes
MIKE 11 HD v.2009 SP4	DHI Water and Environment	DHI, Inc. 319 SW Washington St. Suite 614 Portland, OR 97204	Hydrodynamic model for the solution of the fully dynamic equations of motion for one- dimensional flow in open channels and control structures. The floodplain can be modeled separately from the main channel. Calibration to actual flood events highly recommended. Floodway concept formulation is available for steady flow conditions. This model has the capability to model sediment transport. The web page is at: www.dhisoftware.com/mike11/ Public Domain: No
FLO-2D v. 2006.01 and 2007.06	Jimmy S. O'Brien	FLO-2D Software, Inc. P.O. Box 66 Nutrioso, AZ 85932 www.flo-2d.com/	Hydrodynamic model for the solution of the fully dynamic equations of motion for one-dimensional flow in open channels and two-dimensional flow in the floodplain. Bridge or culvert computations must be accomplished external to FLO-2D using methodologies or models accepted for NFIP usage. Calibration to actual flood events required. Floodway option is under review. User of Version 2006.01 is strongly encouraged to update to the latest version for bug correction. Version 2007.06 dated October 25, 2009 has been updated. This model had an incorrect levee weir coefficient value (0.0) that did not permit any levee overtopping. The model with the incorrect weir coefficient may not have been posted until 2010. Please use the updated Version 2007 model on NFIP studies. Public Domain: No
XP-SWMM 8.52 and up	XP Software	XP Software 5415 SW Westgate Dr. Suite 150 Portland, OR 97221 www.xpsoftware.com	XP-SWMM cannot represent more than three Manning’s n values per channel section. Where more than this number of values per section are required, the user must demonstrate that the three n values used accurately depict the composite n value for the entire section at various depths. Calibration to actual flood events required. The floodway procedures are for steady flow purposes only. Use the procedure for unsteady flow floodway calculation posted on FEMA website at Floodway Analysis for SWMM Models Public Domain: No
Xpstorm 10.0 (May 2006)	XP Software	XP Software 5415 SW Westgate Dr. Suite 150 Portland, OR 97221 www.xpsoftware.com	Xpstorm has the same stormwater modeling capability as the XP-SWMM program.
Two-Dimensional Steady/Unsteady Flow Models
TABS RMA2 v. 4.3 (Oct. 1996) RMA4 v. 4.5 (July 2000)	US Army Corps of Engineers	Coastal Engineering Research Center Department of the Army Waterways Experiment Station Corps of Engineers 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199	Limitations on split flows. Floodway concept formulation unavailable. More review anticipated for treatment of structures. Public Domain: Yes
FESWMS 2DH 1.1 and up (Jun. 1995)	US Geological Survey	U.S. Geological Survey National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 22092 water.usgs.gov/software/ surface_water.html	Region 10 has conducted study in Oregon. Floodway concept formulation unavailable. This model has the capability to model sediment transport. Public Domain: Yes
FLO-2D v. 2006.01 and 2007.06	Jimmy S. O'Brien	FLO-2D Software, Inc. Tetra Tech, ISG P.O. Box 66 Nutrioso, AZ 85932 www.flo-2d.com/	Hydrodynamic model that has the capabilities of modeling unconfined flows, complex channels, sediment transport, and mud and debris flows. It can be used for alluvial fan modeling. Floodway option is under review. User of Version 2006.01 is strongly encouraged to update to the latest version for bug correction. Public Domain: No
MIKE Flood HD v.2009 SP4	DHI Water and Environment	DHI, Inc. 319 SW Washington St. Suite 614 Portland, OR 97204	A dynamic coupling of MIKE 11 (one-dimensional) and MIKE 21 (two-dimensional) models. Solves the fully dynamic equations of motion for one- and two-dimensional flow in open channels, riverine flood plains, alluvial fans and in costal zones. This allows for embedding of sub-grid features as 1-D links within a 2-D modeling domain. Examples of sub-grid features could include small channels, culverts, weirs, gates, bridges and other control structures. Calibration for actual flood events is highly recommended. The web page is at www.dhisoftware.com/mikeflood/ Public Domain: No

Pre 2014 Blogs

All Posts (522)

Patterns and the Stock Market from Frontal Cortex

Patterns and the Stock Market

Lets Face It, Man Is Not Made To Communicate Electronically

SCS Rainfall Distributions and Design Storms

InfoSWMM Sediment Modeling

Deterministic modeling of urban runoff quality, NATO ASI Series

DNA Testing with Boonsri Dickinson

Climate Change: When It Rains It Really Pours

10 Skills You Need to Succeed at Almost Anything

10 Skills You Need to Succeed at Almost Anything

1. Public Speaking

2. Writing

3. Self-Management

4. Networking

5. Critical Thinking

6. Decision-Making

7. Math

8. Research

9. Relaxation

10. Basic Accounting

What Else?

The importance of stupidity in scientific research

"Thank you" in over 465 languages

Hurricane Dennis, Tampa 2005

As the hart panteth after the water brooks

Julian Hinds Award Plaque Certificate for Wayne Huber

SWMM 5.0.009, 5.0.010, 5.0.011, 5.0.012, 5.0.013, 5.0.014, 5.0.015, 5.0.016, 5.0.017, 5.0.018, 5.0.019, 5.0.020, 5.0.021

Modeling Urban Wetland Hydrology for the Restoration of a Forested Riparian Wetland Ecosystem

Batch Files for SWMM 4 and SWMM 5

How to Use the SWMM 4 Dos EngineEngine

How to Use the SWMM 5 Dos Engineine

Hiding Chameleons

Productivity= (Creative Energy + Focus + Motivation + Aptitude + Ideal Time)/(Difficulty + Distractions)

Huber, W. C. and R. E. Dickinson, 1988

FEMA Approved Models

Numerical Models Meeting the Minimum Requirement of NFIP

Hydraulic Models: Determination of Water-Surface Elevation for Riverine Analysis

Note: this page contains paid content.