The entrance, exit and other losses in SWMM 5 are computed at the upstream, downstream and midpoint of the sections of the link.  However, if the normal flow equation is used for the link during a time step then these losses are zero as the flow in the link is based solely on the upstream area and upstream hydraulic radius of the link.   If you add loss coefficients and the normal flow equation is used then you will not see any change in the flow as you modify the loss coefficients.

St. Venant equation – this is the link attribute data used when the St. Venant Equation is used in SWMM 5.  Simulated Parameters from the upstream, midpoint and downstream sections of the link are used.

Normal Flow Equation – this is the link attribute data used when the Normal Flow Equation is used in SWMM 5. Only simulated parameters from the upstream end of the link are used if the normal flow equation is used for the time step.

I saw this on the Daily Dish, http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/2011/07/roo.html, it is an extremely green roof but a roof that can be simulated in SWMM 5.  You simulated it as a Bio Retention Cell with a Surface, Soil, Storage and an Underdrain to the Gutters of the roof.  You can also have a rain barrel connected to the gutters to storage and drain the rainfall. 

If you use a weir in SWMM 5 then two flow equations are used

1.       The weir uses the weir flow equation when the head at the weir is between the invert elevation of the weir and the crown of the weir and

 2.      An orifice equation when the head is above the weir crown or the weir is submerged.

If you are using Non linear Reservoir Modeling in SWMM 5 there are

1.   Five parameters for Horton Infiltration,

2.   Three parameters for Green-Ampt and

3.   Two parameters for CN infiltration, one parameter (conductivity) has been deprecated by the EPA in SWMM 5.   The Drying Time is used to regenerate the Infiltration Rate for continuous simulation.  Only two parameters are now used for CN infiltration:  The CN value itself and the drying time.

The dynamic wave flow in SWMM5 and InfoSWMM is calculated from the following equation

Q  =   (Qold – dq2 + dq3*sigma +  dq4*sigma ) / ( 1  + dq1 + dq5)

Where,

Qold               =         Last Time Step Flow in the Link

dq1                 =         friction loss term

dq2                 =         water suface slope + bed slope term

dq3                 =         midpoint area non linear term

dq4                 =         upstream and downstream area non linear term

dq5                 =         Entrance, Other and Exit Loss Term

sigma            =         function of the Froude number and a function of the Three Intertial Term Options

Figure 1 shows how Sigma is set based on the user selection of the Three Intertial Terms.  Figure 2 shows how Sigma is calculated for the Dampen Option.  If you use Ignore then dq3 and dq4 are ignored all of the time, if you use Dampen then dq3 and dq4 are used for a Froude number less than 0.5 and then the terms gradually fade away until a Froude number of 1 is reached.   If you use Keep then the non linear terms are used all of the time no matter the value of the link Froude Number.  There is one exception to this rule: If a closed link is full then the value of sigma is set to 0.0 no matter what is selected for the Intertial Term.

Figure 1.  The value of Sigma for each of the Three Inertial Term Options in SWMM 5 and InfoSWMM/H2OMAP SWMM

Figure 2.  At each iteration for each link during the simulation the link Froude Number is calculated and based on the Froude Number the value of Sigma is Set.

The EPA Web Site has three manuals that you can download at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/models/swmm/#Downloads

1.   SWMM Applications Manual

2.   SWMM 5 Quality Assurance Report

3.   SWMM 5 Users Manual

The process is easy if you use Domain and Facilities.  

Step 1.  Use the Trace Upstream Network Command in Utilities to find the upstream network from your node of interest.  The upstream network is saved to a Domain.

Step 2.  Use the Facility Manager to 1^st deactivate the whole network and then 2^nd to add the Domain to your Facility or the nodes and links that you will simulate

You now have a smaller network to examine in Detail.  You may have to make a temporary Outfall node to run the model if there are no Outfalls in the model.

Large Pennsylvania City Switches to Innovyze Geospatial Technology
Erie, Pennsylvania, Chooses InfoWater for Water Infrastructure Modeling and Management

Broomfield, Colorado USA, July 12, 2011 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced that Erie Water Works, Erie, Pennsylvania, has adopted the company’s industry-leading InfoWater Suite software as its standard water modeling, design, and management solution. The software will serve as the foundation for continued development of a comprehensive GIS-centric solution for the Erie Region’s complex drinking water distribution system.

The selection underscores the value of the company’s geocentric hydraulic infrastructure modeling and design solutions — tools that have made Innovyze a worldwide market leader. Among the reasons cited for the utility’s decision were the software’s many powerful tools, comprehensive functionality, speed, ease of use, flexibility, and seamless ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA) integration.
Erie Water Works, incorporated in 1865, is located in the northwestern corner of the state. It provides drinking water to over one hundred and eighty thousand people from the City of Erie, the Township of Lawrence Park, the Borough of Wesleyville and McKean, and portions of Millcreek, Harborcreek, Summit and McKean Townships. The utility supplies its customers from two raw water intakes directly from Lake Erie.

“Innovyze has provided us with powerful software and top-notch service,” said Craig Palmer, P.E., Engineering Services Manager for Erie Water Works. “We are standardizing on Innovyze engineering GIS-centric technology because the products are very easy to learn and use, integrate seamlessly with our ArcGIS platform, and have the power to model and analyze extremely large and complex water and wastewater networks quickly and reliably. These tools make master planning more efficient, cost-effective, and accurate. That gives us more power to improve the operation, performance and integrity of our existing systems and plan the new facilities we need to accommodate growth.”

InfoWater is a fully GIS-integrated application, built atop ArcGIS using the latest Microsoft .NET and Esri ArcObjects component technologies. The software seamlessly integrates advanced water network modeling and optimization functionality with the latest generation of ArcGIS. It addresses all the operations of a typical water distribution system, but also allows engineers to accurately perform the most difficult hydraulic analyses — including multi-point and extended period fire flow simulations, variable speed pumps, and advanced water quality calculations. Users can then employ a rich array of ArcGIS presentation tools to powerfully showcase the results.
InfoWater delivers world-record performance, scalability, reliability, functionality and flexibility directly within the GIS environment, completely eliminating the need for inefficient, unreliable data synchronization, synching schemes, or middlelink interfaces required by other software. These factors and more translate to increased productivity, reduced costs, greater efficiency, and improved designs.

Erie Water Works also opted to extend the power of InfoWater by purchasing the suite’s add-on modules. These extras enable them to perform valve criticality modeling, pump scheduling optimization, automated demand allocation, on-demand customer contaminant and main break notifications, automated hydraulic design, and Genetic Algorithm-based model calibration.

Dry weather flow can be added to any node in SWMM 5.  The dry weather flow is computed as the average flow * the monthly pattern * the daily pattern * hourly pattern * the weekend daily pattern to give the Dry Weather Flow at any time step (Figure 1).   Since the four types of patterns (Figure 2) are all multiplied together then for Saturday and Sunday the hourly pattern and the weekend hourly pattern will both be used.   This will have the effect of overestimating the flow if the multipliers are greater than 1 and underestimating the flow if the multipliers are less than one.  You should enter the  Pattern X for the Weekend Hourly Pattern in SWMM 5  where

X  = Weekend Hourly Pattern / Hourly Pattern

So that when the pattern X is multiplied by the Hourly Pattern the program will use the intended Weekend Pattern.

Figure 1.  How Dry Weather Flow is Computed in SWMM 5

Figure 2.  The Four Types of Time Patterns in SWMM 5.0.022

The report feature of the HGL plot helps you understand in more detail the pump flows, forcemain flows and node heads.

Step 1. Load the Domain in the HGL Plot using Report Manager

Step 2. Click on the Report Command to Show the HGL Data in Tabular Format

Step 3.  Format the Results Table from the HGL Plot to see the data better.

Step 4.  Now we have the heads, flows and velocities for the pumps, nodes and force main links in our Domain around the pump of interest at time steps of 2 seconds,  We can now see how the flows, heads and velocities change downstream from the pump.

Step 5.  Force Mains, Nodes and Pumps in our Table

Step 6.  The pump turns on and the flow moves downstream to the force mains – the heads in the nodes increase to balance the flow at each node.  As you can see there is a 1 to 2 GPM decrease due to attenuation as the flow from the pump moves into the force mains.

Step 7.  The pump turns off and flows downstream decrease.  You can get negative flow if the downstream head is higher than the upstream head of the link.

Step 8.  Use Advanced Labeling and the HGL Plot Stepping Interval to see all of the data in your Plot.

If you want to save the output at a small report time step (2 seconds in this case) and you have a long simulation or large model then the reading of the graphicalo results may not be as speedy as you want.  You can save ONLY the DOMAIN to the output binary file however to make this smaller and faster to react.

Step 1.  Define your Reporting Time Step and Your Routing Time Step.  In this case we are routing at 1 second but saving the DOMAIN results every 2 seconds.

Step 2.  Clear your existing DOMAIN and Create a DOMAIN based on the area you are most interested in during the simulation.

Step 3.  Use the Advanced Tab in Run Manager and select Domain as the Output Scope – this will save only the Domain to the output binary file.

Step 4.  Run the simulation using Run Manager and then look at the output.  You are restricted to 8800 graph points but the number of points in the Report Table is unlimited.

Step 5. You can use the Data Plot Option (right mouse click) to see a subset of the larger than 8800 data points.